六级十五选十使用(打印版).doc

大学英语四级深层阅读之15选10题型简介本题型出现在仔细阅读部分（共40分钟），在两篇传统阅读文章之前（每篇文章解题时间约为9分钟）。所以本题型共10道小题最佳完成时间应控制在7分钟。考试要求在7分钟左右时间内将题目给出的15个词汇填入10个空格中。 15选10题型分析15选10选词填空特点：1. 近义词辨析不多2. 固定搭配不多3. 词性辨析比较容易15选10选词填空难点：1. 词性可能会变。2. 错一题，可能会错两题。 15选10选词填空与完型填空的异同：相同点：都要上下文做题不同点：选词填空要先判断词性，而完型填空不用判断词性，4个待选项词性基本一致。15选10选词填空解题步骤 1）阅读选项，词性分类2）细读首句，抓住中心 3） 瞻前顾后，谨慎选择 解题步骤 1）阅读选项，词性分类 仍然要“先题后文在定位”，但这里“先题”不是要找关键词，而是要先对15个选项“辨性”。仔细阅读选项，根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词各有几个选项。动词归类要细分为v，ved, ving。因为一个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是ing形式要自己根据语法判断。词性判断：1. 背单词时留意词性2. 根据构词法特征，主要看后缀 1. 名词后缀 1) -or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物：worker, debtor 2) -acy, 表示性质，状态，境遇 democracy, accuracy, diplomacy 3) -ance, -ence表示性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” importance, diligence, difference, obedience 4) -ancy, -ency, 表示性质，状态，行为，过程 frequency, urgency, efficiency, 5) -bility, 表示动作，性质，状态 possibility, flexibility, feasibility, 6) -dom, 表示“等级，领域，状态” freedom, kingdom, wisdom 7) age: package， shortage， marriage8) ant: assistant， accountant， inhabitant9) -hood, 表示资格，身份, 年纪，状态 childhood, manhood, falsehood 10) -ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示行为的过程，结果，状况 action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction 11) -ism, 表示制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为 socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism 12) -ty, 表示性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, loyalty， identity13) -ment, 表示行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument 14) -ness, 表示性质，状态，程度 goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness 15) cy: bankruptcy， literacy， democracy 16) -ship, 表示情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship 17) -th, 表示动作，性质，过程，状态 depth, wealth, truth, length, growth18) -tude, 表示性质，状态，程度 latitude, altitude(海拔) 19) -ure, 表示行为，结果 exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)20) -grapy, 表示学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography 21) -ic, ics, 表示学法 logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics 22) -ology, 表示学论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学) 23) -nomy, 表示学术 astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学) 2. 形容词后缀 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1) -able, -ible: visible, flexible 2) 名词-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish(注意accomplish, vanish) 3) ive: active, sensitive, productive 4) like: manlike, childlike 5) 名词-ly: manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly 6) ory: satisfactory， illusory7) ic: realistic， specific， poetic， energetic8) ical: physical， classical， economical9) some: troublesome, handsome 10) ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful 11) ous: dangerous, generous, courageous, 12) ent: violent 13) most: foremost, topmost 14) -less: 表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless 15) al: personal， internal， critical， accidental， 16) ary: necessary， primary， secondary17) ious: religious， furious， precious18) y: dirty， healthy， rainy， thirsty， sunny3. 动词后缀 1) -ize, ise, 表示做成，变成，化“: modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize 2) -en, 表示使成为，引起，使有” : quicken, weaken, soften, harden 3) -fy, 表示“使化, 使成” : beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify 4) -ish, 表示使，令”: finish, abolish, diminish, establish 5) -ate, 表示“成为，处理，作用” : separate, operate, indicate 4. 副词后缀(形容词)-ly：badbadly严重地/恶劣地，carefulcarefully小心地 -wise：clockclockwise(a./adv.)顺时针方向的(地);likelikewise同样地 -ward(s)：outoutwards向外面地，northnorthwards向北方地辩词注意事项：1. 不认识的单词看词缀2. 认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性 比如：must，most均可做名词do the most you can3. 一个单词有多个词性时，要在不同分类中都标出。4. 动词归类要细分为v，ved, ving。因为一个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是ing形式要自己根据语法判断。甚至动词分词形式还可以做定语。 5. 如果选项中出现一组近义词或反义词时，往往有一个是干扰选项，它注重考察的是词汇的精确理解，要求考生分析清楚其细微的区别。 文中生词怎么办？学学猜词一、下定义Anthropology is the scientific study of man. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid；that is，it could not be tasted，seen，or smelledFrom the shelf above him。the old man took down a phiaI，a small glass bottle used to keep liquids，and he placed it on the table in front of himThe female mosquito is a vampire and lives on blood.定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to,be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。2根据复述 猜测词义利用所出现生词的上下文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述，猜测词义。 AThe woman found herself in a difficult situationIn fact her plight was so serious that she decided to get help BChildren often try to emulate or copy the behavior that theysee on televisionOne of the predominant concerns today is the future of our natural resources. This issue is of greatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our present resources will not last forever. 同位语Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.The harbor(港口) is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water.在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely等副词或短语出现。Jane is indecisive, that is, she cant make up her mind. 定语从句Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity. 根据举例猜测词义例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. Select any of these periodicals: Times, Newsweek or Readers Digest.There was a kind of detachment about the old mans behaviorIt appeared as if he didnt care what you were saying to himas if what you were saying were of no interest to himSome artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles. Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.二 内在逻辑关系 1 根据对比转折关系猜测词义例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast,is quite humble and modest.Some people like to walk quickly home after work，but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way.Althoughthe doctorusually performed the operation perfectly, the nurse knew he had slipped when she saw the patients blood pressure suddenly rise注意一些表示意思对比转折的词和短语though, as, although, despite, while, in spite of ,still , but, yet , while, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, unlike, not, insteadA good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.2 根据比较关系猜测词义例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。3 根据因果关系猜测词义例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.4 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义例如：This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.常识经验法根据上下文的语言环境，运用生活常识和逻辑推理能力猜测生词的词义也是一种行之有效的方法。 这种生词经常出现在表现因果关系的句子中，引导词有because, since, as, for, so, therefore, so/suchthat, so that等AAlan found himself on the first floor of an old，seemingly abandoned building，as he walked up to the second floor he could hear the old wooden stairs creak with each step he tookThe snake slithered through the grass.The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I wont give it up easily. After spending three weeks in the woods, Henry was tired of solitude.The teacher did not hear the knock at the door because he was completely engrossed in his reading.依靠构词方面的知识This possibility was unforeseeable，because it almost never happened.根据词缀猜测词义例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.Im illiterate about such things.They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions .We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel. That was why we had to pay so much for it. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.oversee = over + see landmark = land + markthroughout = through + outsetback = set + backdownload runaway Motorcycle （over）2 细读首句，抓住中心 首先要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让读者知道本文的相关主题词或主题。 3 瞻前顾后，谨慎选择 根据文章前后的语法关系判断应填入的词性，大大缩小选择范围。当一个空可以填入好几个相同词性的词时，则根据上下文逻辑意义；如果均能说得通时，要注意近义辨析。或留到最后，等范围缩小到最小时再轻松收尾。即传统阅读所说的，首遍不行无所谓，文章看完再收尾。 如何判断原文空缺处所 需单词的词性全盘考虑，灵活选择（根据所需词性缩小范围，每词只能用一次，固定搭配）名词/动词/形容词/副词/固定搭配以下情况，空白处为名词：（名词通常做主语或动词介词宾语）a/the n. 前有冠词n. V. 空白后为谓语动词prep. n. 空白前为介词，则空白处为名词或动名词4 空格前的名词作定语Education soon became a _. 冠词a后面加可数名词的单数形式正确答案是nightmare，这句话的意思是“教育很快成了一种噩梦。”Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a _ that has changed the target market for many products. (06-12)As the trade winds lessen in _, the ocean temperatures rise causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5 degrees. (06-6) Although there is still a big wage _50_ between men and women, (06-12) 以下情况，空白处为动词：1 n./pron. Vt. n./pron. 前有名后有名，中间谓动2 n./pron. Vi.前名后无名，谓动不及物3 n./pron. Vi. adv./prep.前名后介副，谓动不及物4 to v.前有to，后原型5 n./pron. link v./be adj.前名后形容，be动或系动Scientists _54_ this to be the longest El Nino for 2,000 years.(06-6)Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an El Nino will _55_, but (06-6) Increasingly, science 54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits.(10-12) Not long ago, many cars dealers _53_ women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands. (06-12)insultedHe _ from his teachers, came home in tears and thought about dropping out. Thats why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _ in pain medicine. (07-6) In particular, when older patients _ of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. (07-6) They are presented with a _50 _ of human experiences and come to _51 _ other ways of thought and living. (08-12)非谓语动词空格前是be动词, 这个动词与句子主语是主动关系，填动词加ing形式空格前是be动词，后面又无宾语且句意为被动，空格中应填及物动词加ed形式。当出现“一个完整的句子 + ，_ + 名词/介词”的结构时，逗号后边的部分是伴随状语，表示伴随状态或者表示原因，应当填动词加ing形式,当两者是被动关系，填动词加ed形式。介词, 后面应填入动名词。非谓语动词形式可以做形容词使用。 it may be that mothers are _ 56_ in a way we didnt measure in the study. (09-12) All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47 . (10-12)The rainfall is increased across South America, _ floods to Peru. (06-6) Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from 55 to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. And it would take an average of 65 years for the _49_ carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one. 以下情况，空白处为形容词：当出现“a/the/the most/more +_+名词”的结构时，空格后为名词，空格处可能填入形容词link v.be adj. be动或系动后考虑形容词做表语The 1982-83 EI Nino brought the most _ weather in modern history. (06-6) The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. (10-12) Thats 56 from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75. (11-6)different以下情况，空白处为副词：空格前面或者后面为动词的, 空格后面是形容词的，空格处可能填入副词当一句话完整的时候，句尾的空往往是副词。当一句话出现“主语 + _ + 谓语”的情况时，横线处通常填副词。 But the U.S. has more than 100 million existing homes, and it would be _47_ wasteful to tear them all down and _48_ them with greener versions. (10-6)incredibly; replaceToday, we lake pain _. (07-6)这句话有主语we，谓语lake，宾语pain，表达完整的意思，句尾判断应该填副词。正确答案是seriously。In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students _ outperform（做得比。好） their peers in monolingual programs。主语是students，谓语是outperform，两者之间通常填副词。consistently另外固定搭配/并列结构 Its well _54_ that the mothers language does have an impact .(09-12)established While elderly people 47 to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a（n） 48 effect on their brains performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research.(11-6)tend; negative复读全文，核查答案带入已选答案，重新通读文章以核对其是否逻辑语意正确。So many people use the cell phone so frequently every day. But_1_ little is certain about the health effects of its use. Manufactures _2_ that cell phone