张道真实用英语语法学习笔记 第三章 名词.doc

张道真实用英语语法10第3章名词名词的种类3.1.1专有名词和普通名词名词可分为两大类：专有名词（Proper Nouns)參普通名词 （Common Nouns)专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称，如：1)人名：Diana，Mrs Green，President Clinton，Einstein，Gorky;2)地名：Beijing，West Lake，the Yellow River，Bond Street，Broadway;3)某类人的名称：Americans，Russians，Democrats，Jews;4)某些抽象事物的名称：English，Buddhism, Christianity，NATO;5)月份、周日名及节日名称：May，Saturday, Easter，New Years Day;6)书名、电影及诗歌的名称：A Tale of Two Cities, Gone with the Wind， Ode to the West Wind (西风颂)，（la) Marseillaise (马赛曲)；7)对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Auntie，Unde Tom。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词，普通名词又可分为四类：拳个体名词（Individual Nouns)* 集体名词（Collective Nouns)物质名词（Mass Nouns 或 Material Nouns)参抽象名词（Abstract Nouns)其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns)，而物质名词和抽象名词一般都不能用数来计算，称为不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns)。因此名词的类别可以下表表示： 3.1,2个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体的人或物，如：他有两个姑姑。He has two aunts.这座城市有数以百计的高层公寓楼。There are hundreds of high-rise apartments in thecity.熊猫出在四川。Pandas are found in Sichuan。多数教室里都有电脑。Most classrooms have computers.也可指抽象东西，如：我们在这里住 了二十年了。Weve lived here for twenty years。一个新的世纪刚刚开始。A new century has just begun. 她看过大量的童话故事。She has read lots of fairy tales。我昨晚做了一个梦。I had a dream last night 。个体名词有复数形式，如weeks，problems;单数形式可以和a(n)连用， 如 a week，a problem, an old man3.1.3集体名词集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词:集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时做单数看待，想到它的成员是做复数看待：做单数看待他家人不多。His family isnt large。敌人遭受严重损失。The enemy has suffered heavy losses。政府打算在 这里建一座水坝。The governments planning to build a dam。公众支持它的可能性不大。The public was unlikely to support it。做复数看待 他家的人都喜欢音乐。His family are all music livers。敌人正在逃窜。The enemy are in flight。政府在讨论这项建议。The government are discussing the proposal。公众受到报纸的蒙骗。The public were deceived by the newspapers。在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没有什么差别：该校的师资很不错。The schools teaching staff is(are) excellent.观众对演出甚感激动。The audience was(Were) excited by the show. 当地的政务会负责道路的维修工作。The local council are (is) in charge of repairing roads.评委会将宣布优胜者名单。The jury are (is) about to announce the winners. 有少数集体名词通常用作单数：整个社区都支持这项呼吁。The entire community is behind the appeal.反对派迅速对指控作出回答。The opposition was quick to reply to the charge.我们公司将派遣他去柏林工作。Our company is sendinghim to work in Berlin.这伙匪徒正受警察追捕。The gang is being hunted by the police.个别集体名词则多作复数看待：细菌常引起疾病.Bacteria are often a cause of disease. 警察正在找他。The police are looking for him. 3.1.4 物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，下面是一些常见的物质名词:beerbrandycakecheeseclothcoalcoffeecokecottoncurrydetergentdisinfectantdyefabricfertilizerfuelftirglueiceinkinsecticideironjamjellyjuiceliqueurlotionmeatmedicinemetalmilkoilointmentorepaintpaperperfumeplasticpoisonpreservativerainribbonsaladsaltsandsaucesnowsoapsoilsoupsteelsugarteawhiskywaterwinewoodwoolyamyoghurt一般说来，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”：请给我两份浓咖啡，不要加奶Two strong bl ack coffees, please。请来三杯啤酒。Three beers please. 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。A chocolate ice-cream for me。2有些物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.那是一种美味的加州红酒。It was a delicious Californian wine. 不锈钢含有约百分之十二的铬。 Stainless steels contain about 12% of chromium.2) 个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：她禁止任何船只进入其领海。She forbids any vessels to enter her territorial waters.现在是春天雨季的时候。It was now the time of the spring rains。 这是去年的积雪。Here are the snows of last year。3.1.5抽象名词抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复数形式，前面 也一般不加不定冠词a(n)。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：absenceaccessageagricultureangerbeautybehaviourcancercapacitychildhoodcomfortconcernconfidencecouragedeathdemocracydepressiondesigndutyeconomyeducationenergyenviromnentevil| | 11| existenceexperiencefailurefaithfashionfearfinancefreedomfungrowthhappinesshealthhelphistoryindependenceindustryinsuranceintelligencejyjusticelabourlonelinessloveluckmagicmarriagemercymusicnaturepatiencepeacephilosophypleasurepolicypovertypowerprideprotectionpurityrealityreliefreligionrespectsafetysecuritysilencesleepstrengthstatustechnologytimetradetrainingtransporttraveltrusttruthviolencewastewealthweatherwelfareworkworthyouth在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词：安全第一！Safety first! 他学法语是为着好玩Hes learning French for fun。他从未受过教育。 He never had any education. 正义在他们一边。They had justice on their side. I wish you luck.我祝你好运。天气好极了。Its wonderful weather。但有时也加定冠词the (a)，或不定冠词a或an (b):他为穷人的福利努力工作。a. He works hard for the welfare of the poor.闷热天气只持续了几天。b. The oppressive weather lasted only a few days. 我永远不会忘记那座湖的秀美景色。c. I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.她没有勇气冋他。She didnt have the courage to ask him.朴实之中有一种美。Theres a beauty in simplicity. 他对我一直有一种温馨的情感。He had always had a warm affection for me. 经过一段短暂的和平时期，战争又爆发了。After a brief peace, war broke out again.瑞士采取了中立政策。Switzerland adopted a policy of neutrality. 关于抽象名词前冠词的用法，下面将作详细的讨论。3.1.6可数名词与不可数名词1)可数名词与不可数名词的区分是英语中的一个重要问题，因为它牵涉 到一个名词的形式和它前面加不加冠词以及力卩哪种冠词的问题。多数名词情况 是比较简单的，例如桌子、椅子、房间、人，在英语及汉语中都是可数名词, 使用就比较简单。但也有不少名词在英语中是不可数的，而在汉语中却是可数 的，例如下面这些都是不可数名词，在使用时要小心：我们的家具不多。furniture: We havent got much furniture. 他的公司提供厨房设备 equipment: His firm supplies kitchen equipment.这柜子里只有衣服。clothing: There is nothing but clothing in the cupboard.(谚)没有消息就是好消息。news: No news is good news. 他的任务是收集情报。 information: His task was to collect information. 安装了多少机器?machinery: How much machinery has been installed?如果要表示“一件”这类槪念，前面得加“a_of”这类定语： a piece of furniture 一件家具 a piece of equipment 一件设备 an article of clothing 件衣裳a piece of information 则信息an item of news 条新闻（但 a machine 台机器）这类定语是非常有用的，在许多不可数名词前都可以用它：a cake of soap 块肥阜a tube of toothpaste 管牙赍张道真实用英语语法 481 - - -a ball of wool 团毛线a pot of tea 一壶茶a bar of chocolate 大块巧克力a cube of ice 一块冰a pinch of salt 小撮 ia grain of sand 一 粒沙子a stick of candy 根棒糖a grain of rice 一粒米a large sum of money 大笔钱a bar of gold 根金条a piece of thread 一根线a small amount of sugar 少量白糖an expanse of water 一 片水域a stretch of land 一 片土地a portion of soup 份汤a bowl of rice 碗米饭a blade of grass 一根草a carton of milk 一 盒牛奶a fit of anger 顿脾气a suit of clothes 套衣服a stroke of good luck 阵好运a burst of applause 阵掌声a ray of hope 线希望a shower of criticism 一 阵批评这类定语还可修饰复数名词：a packet of cigarettes 一 包香烟a bunch of keys 串钥韪a pair of pants 一 条裤子a pair of spectacles 副眼镜a set of books 套书a series of problems 一系歹丨问题a pack of cards 副纸牌a host of difficulties 一 大堆困难a pack of wolves 群狼a herd of deer 群鹿abusfiilofchildren 车孩子a handful of sweets 把糖果a basket of peaches 一 售桃子a dish of peanuts 一 碟花生a bag of cashew nuts 包腰果a swarm of ants 大群蚂蚁a packet of envelopes 一 沓信封a pack of lies连篇的谎言a pride of lions 一群獅子a herd of elephants 群大象2)有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词，例如：a有些名词兼作物质名词和个体名词：物质名词个体名词glass坡璃a glass破璃杯copper 铜a copper铜币(板）tin锡atin (英)罐头，听头paper 纸a paper报纸，证件，玱文iron 铁an iron赞斗wood木头a wood树林gold金子a gold金牌 3)有些个体名词可转而用作抽象名词：个体名词房间出租。The rooms are to let.他们在盖一所新学校。They are building a new school.这一带有教堂吗？Is there a church round here?有一张大双人床。There was a big double bed.蝴蝶在花间飞舞。Butterflies flattered among the flowers.你们一年有多少节假日？How many holidays do you have in a year?这地区有一家综合医院。Theres a general hospital in the area.抽象名词没有怀疑的余地。Theres no room for doubts.他十六岁中学毕业。He finished school at sixteen.爷爷从不做礼拜。Grandpa never went to church.该睡觉了。Time for bed.玫瑰开花了。The roses are in flower.他们上星期度假去了。They went on holiday last week.她什么时候出院的？When did she leave hospital?4)英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数，例如: laughter 笑声 permission 允许 clothing衣裳(总称） luggage (英)，baggage (美)行李 bread面包从上面例子可以看出，名词的可数与不可数是一个复杂问题。有不少词只 有査较好的词典才能弄清有关问题。平常看书时也要留心，有意识地积累这方面的知识。名词复数3.2.1般名词的复数形式0 般名词的复数以加-s或-es的方式构成，构成的方法如下:一般情况加-sbrothers flowers schools books以s，X，ch，sh结尾的词加-esbusesfoxeswatches dishes以w辅音+ y”结尾的词变y为ilady ladiescountry countries再加-es(但 boys，toys，ways)(e)s词尾的读法如下:以th结尾的词，原读d，加词尾后多读e,如:mouth /mau0/mouths /maudz/path /pa:0/paths /pa:6z/ 51第3章名词 _ _ 1 但也有些这类词加词尾后读音不变： month /nun0/months /nun9s/length /leg0/lengths /leg0s/另有个別词可变可不变：youth /ju:0/youths /ju:0s/ 或 /ju:dz/truth /tru:0/truths /tru:0s/ 或 /tru:3z/2)以-结尾的词，许多加-es构成复数，特别是一些常用词： heroespotatoestomatoesechoestornadoestorpedoesdominoesvetoesmosquitoesNegroesmangoesbuffaloesvolcanoes但下面几类词只加-s: a以“元音+ ”或“oo”结尾的词：videosradiosstudiosfoliosoratoriosembryoszoosbambooskangarooscuckoostaboosb.些外来词，特别是音乐方面的词：pianosconcertossolossopranostobaccoscommandosmottoscellosbanjosmanifestosc一些缩写词和专有名词：kilos photos memos micros Eskimos Filipinos 有个别词加两种词尾都可以，如：archipelago(e)s halo(e)s cargoes (英） cargos (美) 3)以-f或-fe结尾的词，通常变f为v,再加-(e)s，读作/vz/:halfhalvesleafleavesloafloavesselfselvesthiefthieveswolfwolvesshelfshelvescalfcalveselfelveswifewivesknife kniveslife liveshousewife housewives有些只加-S,读作/fs/:roofscliffsproofsbeliefschiefs有个别词加-s或-es都可以：scarfscarfs scarvesdwarfdwarfs dwarveswharfwharfs 或 wharves hoofhoofs 或 hooves 张遒真实用英语语法52 - . -_.1 .r. M . -I I Ii i i 1 -， 一3.2.2不规則的复数形式1)有些常用名词有不规则的复数形式:manmenwomanwomen / 丨 wimm/toothteethfootfeetchildchildrengoosegeesemousemiceoxoxenlouselice由man和woman构成的合成名词也有不规则的复数形式：policemanpolicemenpolicewomanpolicewomengentlemangentlemenchairwomanchairwomenpenny有两个复数形式：pennies 指硬币：他口袋里有几个一便士的硬币。He had a few pennies in his pocket 苹果 75 便士一公斤。pence 指钱数：The apples were 75 pence a kilo* 2)有些外来词有不规则的复数形式（也就是它们原来的复数形式)：analysisanalyses /-si:z/ 分析basisbases/-si:z/ 基础crisiscrises/-si:z/ 危机criterioncriteria 标准mediummedia媒体phenomenon phenomena 现象stratumstrata阶层thesistheses/-si:z/ 论文另外有些外来词有两个复数形式，一是原来的形式，一是英语化的形式:单数形式鳳来的复数形式英语化的复数形式sanatoriumsanatoriasanatoriums 疗养院formulaformulae Ali:/formulas 公式antennaantennae /-ni;/antennas 天线indexindices /-disirz/indexes 附录cactuscacticactuses仙人掌还有少数外来词已完全英语化，如albums, appreratuses，geniuses。3.2.3些其他复数形式0合成词的复数形式：多数合成词以在末尾加令)s词尾的方式构成复数：theatre-goers fire-enginesforget-me-nots53第3章名词 . 1 _ . . , . - I I TTf | | _ _ * _ I H有少数合成词，把-(e)s词尾加在主体词后面：editors-in-chieflookers-onrunners-up以man和woman构成的合成词变成复数时，把man和woman改成复数: firemanfiremenchairwomanchairwomen在以man和woman修饰时，这两个词要连同主体词一起变：man-servantmen-servants woman doctorwomen doctors2)些其他复数形式： a.年份加-s或-s:the l990s (或 PPOsVnaiti:! hamtiz/ (二十世纪）九十年代 b缩写词加-s或-s_,VIPs 或 VIPs (very important persons 贵宾们）MPs 或 MPs (members of Parliament 国会议员们）c.英语字母加s:Dot your is and cross your ts_记得在i上加点，在t上加横。 Committee has two ms，two ts and two es. committee 一词中有两个m，两个t和两个e。3.2.4单复数同形的情况1)英语中有少数名词，复数形式与单数形式相同:a sheep / a flock of sheep a goldfish / a few goldfish常见的单复数同形的词有：a某些动物的名称，如：bison 野牛deersalmon 鲑鱼fishb.cmft及由它构成的合成词:craft aircraft hovercraft 气垫船 spacecraft 太空船c表示某国人的名词：他是中国人。他们都是中国人。He is a Chinese. They are all Chinese. 我认识一个(几个)日本人。I know a(a few) Japanese.他妻子是瑞士人，她的父母都是瑞士人。 His wife is a Swiss . Her parents are both Swiss. d. 还有另外一些词： species:这是一种罕见的鱼种。Its a rare species of fish.两个品种都生活在这湖中。Both species live in the lake. means:它是高效的通讯手段。Its an effective means of communication. 各种可能的办法都尝试过了。All possible means have been tried. works (工厂)：这家工厂出了事故。There has been an accident at the works. 江边有几家炼铁厂。There are some iron works near the river. offspring:她是一位科学家的后代。Shes theof a scientist 他们的后代都很聪明。Their offspringare all very clever. 2)些特殊情况：某些词有特殊情况：a. hair通常用于单数形式，是头发的总称：去把头发理一理。Go and get your hair cut. 她在头发上插了一朵红玫魂。In the hair she had pinned a red rose。 可加-s词尾表示几根头发：你的上衣上有几根头发。Therere hairs on your jacket. 他有几根白头发。He had a few white hairs. b. fruit通常用单数形式：他不太多吃水果。He does not eat muchfruit. 苹果、橘子和香蕉都是水果。Apples，oranges and bananas are fruits。 也可加复数词尾表示不同种类的水果：那儿最普通的水果是梨、苹果和桃。There the most common fruits are pear, apple and peach。用干抽象意义时，可用单数形式，也可用复数形式：我希望你的努力会取得成果。I hope your hard work will bear fruit。就这样我们保卫了自己的胜利果实。We have thus defended the fruits of our victory.c. fish通常单复同形，复数后也可加-es:我捕到一条(两条)鱼。I caught a fish (two fish)。他抓到三条小鱼。He caught three little fishes。 在表示不同种类的鱼时多加-es:我们到水族馆去看(各种各样的)鱼。Well go and look at the fishes in the aquarium. 3.2.5通常用于霣数形式的词1)有些名词通常用于复数形式，其中有些由两个对等部分构成(a)，有些 以-ing结尾(b)，还有一些其他情况(c):scissors 剪刀trousers 裤子pants裤子shorts短裤jeans牛仔裤brief三角裤compasses两脚规scales天平pliers钳子tongs夹钳glasses 眼镜spectacles 眼镜earphones 耳机braces背带cords灯心绒裤binoculars双筒望远镜knickers女内裤sunglasses 太阳镜tights紧身裤overalls工装裤trunks游泳衣pyjamas睡衣裤underpants 内裤slacks便装裤specs眼镜nail-clippers 指甲刀belongings 所有物surroundings 环境tidings 消息winnings赢得的钱savings 积蓄findings调查结果clippings剪下的东西earnings挣的钱writings 作品sweepings扫拢的垃圾doings行为shavings 劍花contents 目录arms武器statistics统计资料fireworks 烟火remains残余部分assets资产congratulations 祝贺thanks感谢oil-colours 油画living-quarters 住宅区clothes 衣服outskirts 城郊valuables贵重物品ashes灰終riches财富amends修补annals编年史archives档案室arrears (未付)尾数bowels 肠dregs渣滓stairs楼梯guts胆量particulars 细节dominoes 骨牌goods货物greens青菜tropics 热带 armed forces武装部队dues应交的费brains头脑 2)还有一些名词虽以-s结尾，却并不是复数形式，例如:c某些活动的名称：acrobatics杂技athletics体育运动cards打纸牌billiards台球politics政治活动darts掷镖游戏draughts国际象棋3)有些名词用于某个意义时通常用复数形式，例如:3.3.1名词所有格构成法1英语中有许多名词可加s来表示所有关系，如：她是我妻子的表妹。Shes my wifes cousin. 此形式称为名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns), s 称为 apostrophes /spDstrsfi es/2)s词尾的加法可概括如下：a在单数情况下把s直接加上去：菲力普的新地址Philips new address 她嫂子的母亲her sister-in-laws mother总编辑的电话号码the editor-in-chiefs telephone number b.若名词已有复数词尾，则仅加：workers resthomes 工人疗养院 the officers living quarters 军官住宅区 the teachers reading-room 教师阅览室c如果名词是复数却不以-(e)s结尾，仍应加s: childrens books 儿童读物 the womens movement 妇女运动the Working Peoples Palace of Culture 劳动人民文化宫d以-s结尾的单数名词后，可加s，也可加，但均读作 Engelss (或 Engels，）works 恩格斯的著作 Burnss (或 Bums）poems /hiiziz p3mms/ 彭斯的诗不过以-ts结尾的名词只加，读作/ts/，如：Keats poems /Kits psuims/ 济慈的诗3)s的读音和名词复数词尾的读音一样(可参考第3么1节)：3.3_2名词所有格的用法1)名词所有格主要用于表示人的名词，表示“(某人)的”(有时有较灵 活的译法)：这是布莱克先生的办公室吗？Is this Mr. Blacks office? 这是雪莱的最佳诗作之一。Its one of Shelleys best poems. 老妇谈是一本好书。Old Wives Tales is a good book. 你去没去看圣彼得大教堂？Did you visit St. Pauls Cathedral? 3) 也可用于某些高级动物的名称或个别低级动物的名称后：从飞机上我们可以鸟瞰曼哈顿。From the plane we had a birds eye view of Manhatten. 它是用马奶、牛奶或羊奶做的。It is made from mares，cows or ewes milk.驴以蜗牛的速度慢慢行进。The donkey moved at a snails pace 这儿是个蚂蚁窝。Here is an ants nest 3)也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后：a.表示时间的名词(谅)昨日是今日之师。Today is yesterdays pupil. 我永远不会忘记那天晚上的经历。Ill never forget that nights experience. 圣诞节我们有两星斯的假。We have two weeks vacation for Christmas. 这是一个夏天的早晨。It was asummers morning b.表示距离、价格等的名词：公园离这儿很近。The park is a stones throw from here 我买了十美元的邮票。Ibought ten dollars worth of stamps. 开车到那里大约一小时。Its about an hours drive from here. c表示国家、城市等地方的名词：海水覆盖地球表面近四分之三的地区。The sea covers nearly three-fourths of the worlds surface. 这是我第一次离开英国海岸。That was the first time I had left Englands shore.它是这座城市最美的公园。Its the citys finest park.她希望他在大学的小小天地里往上爬。She wanted him to climb in the colleges little world.我们在旅馆门口相遇。We met at the hotels entrance. d.表示集体或机构等的名词：你们代表团对这问题态度如何？Whats your missions attitude towards the problem? 我想这是多数人的意见。Thats the majoritys view，I think. 我们在车站候车室等到晚上。We sat in the stations waiting-room until evening. 她在哈佛大学语言学系任教。She teaches at Harvards Department of Linguistics.4) 还可用在某些固定的词组中：为了友谊我愿冒这个风险。Ill take the risk for friendships sake.豪威尔夫人已黔驴技穷。Mrs. Howells was at her wits end. 现在他们可以尽情歌唱了。Now they could sing at their hearts content.我们必须让孩子们不受到损害。We should get the children out of harms way.在我心目中我仍能看到我的老家，门上装饰着玫瑰。In my minds eye I can still see my old home, with the roses over the door.我们最好和他们保持距离。We had best keep them at arms lenth.看在上帝的份上，别再争论下去了。For goodness sake, stop arguing.简买那件大衣很合算。Jane got the moneys worth out of that coat. 3-3.3名词所有格的一些特殊意义1)名词所有格除了表示“所有关系”之外，还可有一些特殊意义，例如表示：a. 主动关系（前面名词表示后面动作的执行者)：约翰给玛丽的礼物是一块手表。Johns gift to Marry was a watch.那士兵的英勇行为使他获得一枚奖章。The soldiersheroic deed earned him a medal.老师的称赞使他很高兴。He was pleased by his teachers praise.b被动关系（前面名词表示后面动作的承受者)：该剧以哈姆雷特被杀害告终。The play ends with Hamlets mwrder. 人人都赞颂这位战士。Everybody is singing the fighters praise.这位电影明星被她的崇拜者围住了。The film stars admirers crowded round her. b. 特征：这小男孩有大人的嗓音。The young boy has a mans voice.他有博士学位。He has a doctors degree. 他鸡叫时起身，匆匆离去。He rose at cocks crow and hurried off.2)还可和of引导的短语结合使用：他是亨利的一个朋友Hes a friend of Henrys.我看了萧伯纳的一出戏剧。I saw a play of Shaws.我只看过狄更斯的四本书。I have only read four books of Dickens.你还记得拜轮的那首诗吗？c. Do you recall that poem of Byrons?你听人提过卡尔顿的这本新小说吗？Have you heard anything of this new novel of Carletons？布朗先生的那位太太老是抱怨个不停。That wife of Mr. Browns is constantly complaining.of前面的名词或有不定冠词或数词修饰(a)，或有this, that等词修饰，这 时表示欣赏或厌恶的口吻（b)。3*3.4所有格所修饬词省略的情况D所有格修饰的词，如刚刚提过则可以省略，以避免重复：这是谁的座位？” “是玛丽的。”“Whose seat is this?” It is Marys 这不是我的字典，是小林的。This is not my dictionary，but Xiao Lins.她有着和她父亲完全不同的看法。She had views quite different from her farther s.她伸手挽住她哥哥的手臂。She put her arm through herbrothers.2)可用来表示教堂、商店等：我们参观了圣彼得大教堂。We visited St. Pau