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岗位竞聘演讲稿开头 岗位竞聘演讲稿开头imgoingtotryandexplainwhyitisthatperhapswedontunderstandasmuchaswethinkwedo.idliketobeginwithfourquestions.thisisnotsomesortofculturalthingforthetimeofyear.thatsanin-joke,bytheway.我会试着解释为何我们知道的东西很可能并没有我们自以为知道的多我想从四个问题开始,不是那种今年流行的文化问题对了,刚刚那句是个圈内笑话butthesefourquestions,actually,areonesthatpeoplewhoevenknowquitealotaboutsciencefindquitehard.andtheyrequestionsthativeaskedofsciencetelevisionproducers,ofaudiencesofscienceeducators-sothatsscienceteachers-andalsoofseven-year-olds,andifindthattheseven-year-oldsdomarginallybetterthantheotheraudiences,whichissomewhatsurprising.不过这四个问题,事实上即使是很懂科学的人也会觉得很难应答我拿这些问题去问科学节目制片人问那些有科学教育背景的观众也问教科学的老师还有七岁孩童我发现七岁孩童答得比其他人好这是有些令人惊讶sothefirstquestion,andyoumightwanttowritethisdown,eitheronabitofpaper,physically,oravirtualpieceofpaperinyourhead.and,forviewersathome,youcantrythisaswell.第一个问题,我建议你把问题记下来抄在纸上,或想像中的纸上坐在电脑前的你也可以试著作答.alittleseedweighsnexttonothingandatreeweighsalot,right?ithinkweagreeonthat.wheredoesthetreegetthestuffthatmakesupthischair,right?wheredoesallthisstuffefrom?种籽很轻,而大树很重,是吗?我想我们都同意吧,大树用来制成椅子的东西是从哪来的?对吧?这些东西都是怎么来的?(knocks)(敲椅声)andyournextquestionis,canyoulightalittletorch-bulbwithabattery,abulbandonepieceofwire?andwouldyoubeableto,kindof,drawa-youdonthavetodrawthediagram,butwouldyoubeabletodrawthediagram,ifyouhadtodoit?orwouldyoujustsay,thatsactuallynotpossible?问题二,你能否点亮一个小灯泡只用1个电池、1个灯泡、和1条电线?那你能画出上述问题的图解吗?不用真的画但如果需要的话,你能画出来吗?还是你会说这个不可能?thethirdquestionis,whyisithotterinsummerthaninwinter?ithinkwecanprobablyagreethatitishotterinsummerthaninwinter,butwhy?andfinally,wouldyoubeableto-andyoucansortofscribbleit,ifyoulike-scribbleaplandiagramofthesolarsystem,showingtheshapeoftheplasorbits?wouldyoubeabletodothat?andifyoucan,justscribbleapattern.第三个问题,为什么夏天比冬天热?大家应该都同意夏天比冬天还热但为何如此?最后,你能不能简单的勾勒出太阳系的平面图.呈现出行星轨道运行的形状你可以画得出来吗?你画得出来的话,就把形状画出来ok.now,childrengettheirideasnotfromteachers,asteachersoftenthink,butactuallyfrommonsense,fromexperienceoftheworldaroundthem,fromallthethingsthatgoonbetweenthemandtheirpeers,andtheircarers,andtheirparents,andallofthat.experience.andoneofthegreatexpertsinthisfield,ofcourse,was,blesshim,cardinalwolsey.beverycarefulwhatyougetintopeoplesheadsbecauseitsvirtuallyimpossibletoshiftitafterwards,right?好,孩童对事物的概念不是老师教的老师时常这么以为,但实际上概念于常理于孩童对周遭世界的体验于他们跟同伴彼此交流还有跟保姆、父母亲、所有人交流的经验这个领域中的一个专家,对了,愿他安息就是渥西主教,他说要你将东西放进其他人的闹袋里的时候要小心因为那些东西几乎不会再改变,对吧?(laughter)(笑声)imnotquitesurehowhedied,actually.washebeheadedintheend,orhung?我不太清楚他的死因,真的他最后上了断头台?还是被吊死?(laughter)(笑声)now,thosequestions,which,ofcourse,youvegotright,andyouhaventbeenconferring,andsoon.andi-youknow,normally,iwouldpickpeopleoutandhumiliate,butmaybenotinthisinstance.现在回到那四个问题,大家都知道是什么问题了你们彼此之间也没有讨论答案我平时习惯点人站起来回答让他丢脸不过这次就不点了alittleseedweighsalotand,basically,allthisstuff,99percentofthisstuff,cameoutoftheair.now,iguaranteethatabout85percentofyou,ormaybeitsfeweratted,willhavesaiditesoutoftheground.andsomepeople,probablytwoofyou,willeupandarguewithmeafterwards,andsaythatactually,itesoutoftheground.now,ifthatwastrue,wedhavetrucksgoingroundthecountry,fillingpeoplesgardensinwithsoil,itdbeafantasticbusiness.but,actually,wedontdothat.themassofthisesoutoftheair.now,ipassedallmybiologyexamsinbritain.ipassedthemreallywell,butistillcameoutofschoolthinkingthatthatstuffcameoutoftheground.种籽可以很重,基本上所有的这些99%都于空气我相信有85%的人,或许在你们ted会比较少会说木材于大地,而有些人也许你们中的一两位,可能结束后会来找我争论说木材其实是于大地若是如此,那我们就会有让卡车跑来跑去把人们的花园都填上土,那会是很棒的生意。 不过实际上我们不会那么做因为木材的材料大部分其实是从空气中来的我在英国念书时考生物每考必过我的成绩很好,但毕业后还是以为木材于大地secondone:canyoulightalittletorch-bulbwithabatterybulbandonepieceofwire?yes,youcan,andillshowyouinasecondhowtodothat.now,ihavesomeratherbadnews,whichisthatihadapieceofvideothatiwasabouttoshowyou,whichunfortunately-thesounddoesntworkinthisroom,soimgoingtodescribetoyou,intruemontypythonfashion,whathappensinthevideo.andinthevideo,agroupofresearchersgotomitongraduationday.wechosemitbecause,obviously,thatsaverylongwayawayfromhere,andyouwouldntmindtoomuch,butitsortofworksthesamewayinbritainandinthewestcoastoftheusa.andweaskedthemthesequestions,andweaskedthosequestionsofsciencegraduates,andtheycouldntanswerthem.andso,theresawholelotofpeoplesaying,idbeverysurprisedifyoutoldmethatthiscameoutoftheair.thatsverysurprisingtome.andthosearesciencegraduates.andweintercutitwith,wearethepremierscienceuniversityintheworld,becauseofbritish-likehubris.你能用一枚电池和一根电线点亮灯泡吗?是,你可以,我会示范怎么做。 不过,现在有个坏消息本来有个影片要给大家看可惜在这边声音放不出来所以我就口头描述一下的,用巨蟒剧团的表演方式,影片内容是这样的,在影片里有一群研究员在毕业典礼那天去麻省理工学院为什么是麻省理工呢?因为它离这里很远大家也就不会太介意不过场景设在英国结果也差不多或是设在美国西岸我们问了麻省理工的毕业生这四个问题这些理工科毕业生也答不出来而且还有很多学生表示“我很惊讶你说木材是从空气中来的”这真的让我很吃惊“,那些理工的毕业生这么说我们用”我们是全球第一的理工大学“来作影片的结尾。 因为英国人很傲慢(laughter)(笑声)andwhenwegavegraduateengineersthatquestion,theysaiditcouldntbedone.andwhenwegavethemabattery,andapieceofwire,andabulb,andsaid,canyoudoit?theycouldntdoit.right?andthatsnodifferentfromimperialcollegeinlondon,bytheway,itsnotsomesortofanti-americanthinggoingon.我们拿第二个问题去问硕士毕业的工程师们他们说这不可能做得到我们拿了电池、电线、和灯泡问他们”你能做到吗?“,他们没办法,是吧?顺道一提,伦敦的帝国学院的情况估计也差不多如此我们不是在做什么反美的事asif.now,thereasonthismattersiswepaylotsandlotsofmoneyforteachingpeople-wemightaswellgetitright.andtherearealsosomesocietalreasonswhywemightwantpeopletounderstandwhatitisthatshappeninginphotosynthesis.forexample,onehalfofthecarbonequationishowmuchweemit,andtheotherhalfofthecarbonequation,asimveryconsciousasatrusteeofkew,ishowmuchthingssoakup,andtheysoakupcarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.虽然听来颇像。 问题的关键是我们花了很多钱来教育大众,我们应该正确地来做这件事。 其中也有一些社会因素让我们想使大众了解光合作用如何运作例如,有一半的碳储量是人类排放的而另一半碳储量我相当关切,身为皇家植物园的受托管理人thatswhatplantsactuallydoforaliving.and,foranyfinnishpeopleintheaudience,thisisafinnishpun:weare,bothliterallyandmetaphorically,skatingonthiniceifwedontunderstandthatkindofthing.now,hereshowyoudothebatteryandthebulb.itssoeasy,isntit?ofcourse,youallknewthat.butifyouhaventplayedwithabatteryandabulb,ifyouveonlyseenacircuitdiagram,youmightnotbeabletodothat,andthatsoneoftheproblems.是植物吸收多少二氧化碳植物就是以此维生的如果在场有芬兰人,这是芬兰话的双关语我们无论在实际上或隐喻上,都是如履薄冰要是我们不明白那些事电池和灯泡只要这要做就行很简单,不是吗?你们都懂了但要是你没有亲手碰过电池和灯泡如果你只看过电路图你可能就做不出来,这是个麻烦so,whyisithotterinsummerthaninwinter?welearn,aschildren,thatyougetclosertosomethingthatshot,anditburnsyou.itsaverypowerfulbitoflearning,andithappensprettyearlyon.byextension,wethinktoourselves,whyitshotterinsummerthaninwintermustbebecausewereclosertothesun.ipromiseyouthatmostofyouwillhavegotthat.oh,youreallshakingyourheads,butonlyafewofyouareshakingyourheadsveryfirmly.那么,为何夏天比冬天热?我们从小就知道,离热的东西太近你就被烫到,这真很有效的教育方法很小的时候大家就学到了延伸这个论点,我们觉得夏天比冬天热一定是因为我们离太阳比较近我相信大多人都懂了哦,大家都在摇头不过只有几个人摇得很坚定otheronesarekindofgoinglikethis.allright.itshotterinsummerthaninwinterbecausetheraysfromthesunarespreadoutmore,right,becauseofthetiltoftheearth.andifyouthinkthetiltistiltinguscloser,no,itisnt.thesunis93millionmilesaway,andweretiltinglikethis,right?itmakesnoodds.infact,inthenorthernhemisphere,werefurtherfromthesuninsummer,asithappens,butitmakesnoodds,thedifference.其他人只是这样子摇而已,好吧夏天比冬天热是因为太阳的辐射线传播得比较多,地球倾斜的关系如果你以为是朝太阳的方向倾斜,那就错了太阳离地球1亿5千万公里,地球倾斜角度大略如此倾斜不是差别所在,在北半球夏天时我们离太阳更远跟倾斜没有关系ok,now,thescribbleofthediagramofthesolarsystem.ifyoubelieve,asmostofyouprobablydo,thatitshotterinsummerthaninwinterbecausewereclosertothesun,youmusthavedrawnanellipse.right?thatwouldexplainit,right?except,inyour-yourenodding-now,inyourellipse,haveyouthought,well,whathappensduringthenight?好,问题四是画出太阳系的平面图如果大家相信,大多数可能都相信夏天比冬天热是因为地球离太阳较近大家应该都画了椭圆形对吧?这就能解释了吧?除非,你点头了,你画了个椭圆形你有想过,夜晚又是怎么回事?betweenaustraliaandhere,right,theyvegotsummerandwevegotwinter,andwhat-doestheearthkindofrushtowardsthesunatnight,andthenrushbackagain?imean,itsaverystrangethinggoingon,andweholdthesetwomodelsinourhead,ofwhatsrightandwhatisntright,andwedothat,ashumanbeings,inallsortsoffields.澳洲和美国这边,澳洲是夏天这边是冬天,难道说地球在晚上会冲向太阳然后再冲回来?这实在很奇怪我们脑中有两种思考模式,对的和错的身为人类,我们在很多领域都这样思考so,herescopernicusviewofwhatthesolarsystemlookedlikeasaplan.thatsprettymuchwhatyoushouldhaveonyourpieceofpaper.right?andthisisnasasview.theyrestunninglysimilar.ihopeyounoticethecoincidencehere.左边是哥白尼画的太阳系平面图跟你们纸上画的差不多,对吧右边是nasa的版本,两张图非常相似我希望大家注意其中的巧合要是你知道人们有错误观念whatwouldyoudoifyouknewthatpeoplehadthismisconception,right,intheirheads,ofellipticalorbitscausedbyourexperiencesaschildren?whatsortofdiagramwouldyoushowthemofthesolarsystem,toshowthatitsnotreallylikethat?youdshowthemsomethinglikethis,wouldntyou?itsaplan,lookingdownfromabove.but,no,lookwhatifoundinthetextbooks.thatswhatyoushowpeople,right?你会怎么做在他们脑中,楕圆形的轨道是他们儿时经验教的吗?你会给他们看什么样的太阳系示意图?证明太阳系不是他们想的那样你会给他们看这种图吗?这是俯瞰的平面图可是并非如此,瞧瞧我在教科书里找到的你会给他们看这种图对吧?thesearefromtextbooks,fromwebsites,educationalwebsites-andalmostanythingyoupickupislikethat.andthereasonitslikethatisbecauseitsdeadboringtohavealoadofconcentriircles,whereasthatsmuchmoreexciting,tolookatsomethingatthatangle,isntit?right?出自教科书出自教育网站你找得到的几乎都是这种图会以这种视角呈现是因为只有一堆同心圆太死板无趣从这种视角看太阳系比较新鲜刺激不是吗?andbydoingitatthatangle,ifyouvegotthatmisconceptioninyourhead,thenthattwo-dimensionalrepresentationofathree-dimensionalthingwillbeellipses.soyouve-itscrap,isntitreally?aswesay.因为弄成这种视角如果你脑中有了这种误解用二度空间来呈现三度空间就会变成椭圆形这真是糟糕,可不是吗?so,thesementalmodels-welookforevidencethatreinforcesourmodels.wedothis,ofcourse,withmattersofrace,andpolitics,andeverythingelse,andwedoitinscienceaswell.sowelook,justlook-andscientistsdoit,constantly-welookforevidencethatreinforcesourmodels,andsomefolksarejustalltooableandwillingtoprovidetheevidencethatreinforcesthemodels.因此,我们寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式我们用这种方式处理种族、政治、所有事当然也用这种方式处理科学,我们只观看是科学家在这么做,我们不断寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式,有些人很有办法也乐意提供证据来增强那些模式so,beingimintheunitedstates,illhaveadigattheeuropeans.theseareexamplesofwhatiwouldsayisbadpracticeinscienceteachingcenters.所以我现在人在美国,就会说欧洲人的坏话这些图片都是我认为不良的科学教育thesepicturesarefromlavilletteinfranceandthewelewingofthesciencemuseuminlondon.and,ifyoulookatthe,kindofthewaythesethingsareconstructed,theresalotofmediationbyglass,anditsveryblue,andkindofprofessional-inthatwaythat,youknow,woodyallenesupfromunderthesheetsinthatsceneinanniehall,andsaid,god,thatssoprofessional.andthatyoudont-theresnopassioninit,anditsnothandson,right,and,youknow,punintended.类似教学中心,这些图取自法国维叶特科博馆以及伦敦科博馆的迎宾翼展示区你看看这些东西建成的模样有很多玻璃隔板,蓝光色调,弄得很专业似的那种方式,就像是伍迪艾伦从床单里冒出来在安妮霍尔戏中的那一幕他说“老天,这真是太专业了”这其中没有热情,没有动手参与,是吗这是个双关,不过也有好的教学方法whereasgoodinterpretation-illuseanexamplefromnearby-issanfranciscoexploratorium,whereallthethingsthat-thedemonstrations,andsoon,aremadeoutofeverydayobjectsthatchildrencanunderstand,itsveryhands-on,andtheycanengagewith,andexperimentwith.andiknowthatifthegraduatesatmitandintheimperialcollegeinlondonhadhadthebatteryandthewireandthebitofstuff,andyouknow,beenabletodoit,theywouldhavelearnedhowitactuallyworks,ratherthanthinkingthattheyfollowcircuitdiagramsandcantdoit.sogoodinterpretationismoreaboutthingsthatarebodgedandstuffedandofmyworld,right?andthingsthat-wherethereisntanextrabarrierofapieceofglassormachinedtitanium,anditalllooksfantastic,ok?我举一个例子,离这里很近,旧金山探索馆在那里所有的东西,展示品之类的都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的都可以动手玩,孩子们可以专心玩好好体验我知道麻省理工毕业生以及伦敦帝国学院毕业生手上有电池电线点亮灯泡的话他们会明白其中的原理而不是觉得他们照着电路图来做是做不到的好的教学方法不是沉溺陶醉在自己世界里对吧?那些东西也不该被隔着用玻璃或是钛制品隔开看起来很漂亮就好,好吗?andtheexploratoriumdoesthatreally,reallywell.anditsamateur,butamateurinthebestsense,inotherwords,therootofthewordbeingofloveandpassion.旧金山探索馆在这点做得非常好看上去很业余,但业余得很对头也就是说,根本的出发点是出自爱和热情so,childrenarenotemptyvessels,ok?so,asmontypythonwouldhaveit,thisisabitlordprivysealtosayso,butthisis-childrenarenotemptyvessels.所以,孩童不是空瓶子用“巨蟒剧团”的说法就是有点像英国掌玺大臣会说的意思是说孩童不是空无一物的瓶子theyewiththeirownideasandtheirowntheories,andunlessyouworkwiththose,thenyouwontbeabletoshiftthem,right?他们生来就有自己的想法和理念如果你没从这些地方着手,就改变不了他们对吧?andiprobablyhaventshiftedyourideasofhowtheworldanduniverseoperates,either.butthisapplies,equally,tomattersoftryingtosellnewtechnology.我大概没有改变大家的想法对于世界和宇宙到底如何运作不过这些道理同样可以用在推销新科技上也forexample,weare,inbritain,weretryingtodoadigitalswitchoverofthewholepopulationintodigitaltechnologyfortelevision.例如,在英国,我们试着把全部的电视都换成新科技的数位电视anditsoneofthedifficultthingsisthatwhenpeoplehavepreconceptionsofhowitallworks,itsquitedifficulttoshiftthose.有个难题是人们对事物运作的方式一旦有了成见就很难去改变sowerenotemptyvessels;thementalmodelsthatwehaveaschildrenpersistintoadulthood.poorteachingactuallydoesmoreharmthangood.我们不是空瓶子,我们保有心智模式从幼年到成年一直都存在不良的教学是弊多于利inthiscountryandinbritain,magismisunderstoodbetterbychildrenbeforetheyvebeentoschoolthanafterwards,ok?sameforgravity,twoconcepts,soits-whichisquitehumbling,asa,youknow,ifyoureateacher,andyoulookbeforeandafter,thatsquiteworrying.theydoworseintestsafterwards,aftertheteaching.在美国和英国,在磁力知识上孩童在就学前学得比较好重力知识也一样,两个不同概念,这实在可悲如果你是个老师,看见受教前和受教后的差别实在令人忧心,学童在受教后考得更差andwecollude.wedesigntests,oratleastinbritain,sothatpeoplepassthem.right?andgovernmentsdoverywell.theypatthemselvesontheback.ok?我们都是共犯,我们设计测验方

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