有关液压系统在机械工程中的地位及其日常的维修的探析_.doc

//有关液压系统在机械工程中的地位及其日常的维修的探析About the hydraulic system in the position in mechanical engineering and its analysis of daily maintenance 1 液压系统的组成部分和结构组成1 part of the hydraulic system and structure 1.1 液压系统的组成原件1.1 the composition of the original hydraulic system 1.1.1 有关动力元件：其作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，向整个液压系统提供动力。1.1.1 about power element: the role is to prime movers mechanical energy into the pressure of the liquid can, to power the entire hydraulic system. 1.1.2 执行元件：执行元件的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动机械作直线运动。1.1.2 actuators: the role of the actuators is the liquid pressure can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the machinery as a straight line. 1.1.3 控制元件：它控制和调节液压系统里液体的压力、流量和方向。1.1.3 control element: it controls and regulates fluid in the hydraulic system pressure, flow and direction. 1.1.4 附件：包括油箱、滤油器、油管、密封圈、高压球阀、测压接头、压力表、油位油温计。1.1.4 accessories: including oil tank, oil filters, tubing, sealing ring, high pressure ball valve, pressure joint, pressure gauge, oil level, oil temperature gauge. 1.1.5 液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。1.1.5 the hydraulic oil is the working medium of transmit energy in hydraulic system, there are all kinds of mineral oil, emulsion and molding hydraulic oil and so on several major categories. 1.2 结构组成1.2 structure 液压系统由信号控制和液压动力两部分组成，信号控制部分用于驱动液压动力部分中的控制阀动作。Hydraulic system consists of two parts, signal control and hydraulic power, signal control parts used to drive hydraulic control valve in action. 液压动力部分采用回路方式，以表明不同功能元件之间的相互关系。液压源含有液压泵、电动机和液压辅助元件；液压控制部分含有各种控制阀，其用于控制工作油液的流量、压力和方向；执行部分含有液压缸。Hydraulic power part adopts loop method, to indicate the relationship between different functional components. Hydraulic pressure source contains hydraulic pump, motor and hydraulic auxiliary components; Hydraulic control section contains a variety of control valves, their work is used to control the oil flow, pressure and direction; Perform part contains the hydraulic cylinder. 2 液压系统一般出现的损失2 general losses in the hydraulic system 2.1 有关动力泵方面：系统有事需要大流量，低压力；有时又需要小流量，高压力。要根据具体的要求随时进行调节。所以选择限压式变量泵为宜，使得流量随系统压力的变化而变化。2.1 about power pump: system have something need to large flow, low pressure; Sometimes need to small flow, high pressure. Adjusted according to specific demands at any time. So it is advisable to choose limited pressure variable pump, flow along with the change of system pressure changes. 2.2 液压油流经各类液压阀时存在压力和流量损失，该能量损失在全部能量损失中占有较大的比重。所以，应该合理选择液压器，调整压力阀的压力是降低功率损失的主要方面之一。2.2 when the hydraulic oil flow through all kinds of hydraulic valve pressure and flow loss, the energy loss occupy larger proportion in the total energy loss. So, should choose the hydraulic, pressure adjusting pressure valve is one of the main aspects of reduced power loss. 2.3 要合理选择液压油。在管路中流动时，液压油通常呈现出黏性，一旦黏性过高会产生较大的内摩擦力，造成油液发热，增加油液流动的阻力。当黏性过低时，造成泄漏，会降低系统容积效率，所以，一般选择黏度适宜且黏温特性比较好的油液。2.3 choose the hydraulic oil. Flow in the pipeline, hydraulic oil usually present a sticky, once the viscosity is too high will produce larger inner friction, causing the oil heat, add the oil flow resistance. When the viscosity is too low, causing the leak, will reduce the volumetric efficiency of the system and, therefore, generally choose suitable viscosity temperature characteristics and sticks better the oil. 3 液压系统的日常保养工作3 hydraulic systems daily maintenance work 由于元、辅件质量不稳定以及元件使用和维护不当，且系统中各元件和工作液体都是在封闭油路内工作，参数难以测量，这给液压系统故障诊断带来困难。液压系统泄漏的原因：设计及制造的缺陷所造成的；冲击和振动造成管接头松动；动密封件及配合件相互磨损；油温过高及橡胶密封与液压油不相容而变质。, auxiliary parts quality is not stable and components due to improper use and maintenance, and the components of the system and working fluid are working within the closed oil circuit, parameters are difficult to measure, it brings to the hydraulic system fault diagnosis difficult. The causes for the leakage of the hydraulic system: design and manufacturing defects caused by; Shock and vibration cause loose pipe joint; Dynamic seals and cooperate with each other and wear; The oil temperature is too high and rubber seal and hydraulic oil are incompatible and metamorphism. 4 液压系统的日常维护4 the daily maintenance of hydraulic system 4.1 一个系统在正式投入之前一般都要经过冲洗，冲洗的目的就是要清除残留在系统内的污染物、金属屑、纤维化合物和铁心。4.1 before put into a system is typically after rinse, rinse residues in the systems purpose is to remove contaminants, metal scraps, fiber compound, and core. 4.1.1 液压油是液压系统的生命。液压系统中有许多精密元件，有的小孔，有的有缝隙。一旦固体杂质混入元件会造成精密偶件拉伤、发卡、油道堵塞，甚至危及液压系统的安全运行。用清洁溶剂清洗油箱，再用空气清除残渣。4.4.1 the hydraulic oil is the life of the hydraulic system. There are many precision components in hydraulic system, some holes, some have crack. Once solid impurities mixed with components will cause precision coupling oil strain, hairpin, road congestion, and even endanger the safe operation of the hydraulic system. Clean with cleaning solvent tank, then use the air to remove residues. 4.1.2 清洗系统全部管路，把管路和接头进行浸渍。4.1.2 cleaning system all piping, piping and connectors for dipping. 4.1.3 在管路中装油滤，以保护阀的供油管路和压力管路。4.1.3 in piping containing oil filter to protection valve oil supply line and the pressure line. 4.1.4 在集流器上装冲洗板代替精密阀。4.1.4 washing plate instead of precision valve in the current collector. 4.1.5 检查所有管路尺寸是否合适，连接是否正确。4.1.5 check all pipe sizes are appropriate, connection is correct. 4.2 有计划的维护：建立系统定期维护制度。4.2 planned maintenance: establish a regular system maintenance system. （1）三个月就要检查和更换油液。（2）定期冲洗油滤。（3）检查液压油是否变质。（4）修护好系统中的泄漏。（5）确保没有外来颗粒从油箱的通气盖、油滤的塞座、回油管路的密封垫圈以及油箱其他开口处进入油箱。(1) three months to check and replace the oil. (2) the flushing oil filter on a regular basis. (3) check if the hydraulic oil deterioration. (4) good repair leaks in the system. (5) make sure that no foreign particles from the fuel tank vent plug seat cover, oil filter, tank back line sealing washer and other openings into the tank. 5 作业中注意事项Five note in the homework 5.1 机械作业要柔和平顺5.1 mechanical homework to soft and smooth 机械工程在施工时要避免粗暴，否则一旦产生冲击负荷，使得机械故障频发，大大缩短使用寿命。随即产生的冲击负荷，既会使得结构元件磨损快和断裂频繁，又会使得液压系统产生额外的冲击压力，使得液压元件损坏、溢流阀频繁动作油温上升。更加值得注意是：专业人员在工作时要保持稳定性。毕竟每个设备操纵系统的自由间隙都存在不小的差异，连接部位之间的磨损程度和间隙也不同，发动机及液压系统出力的大小也不完全相同，这些因素赋予了设备的个性。只有使用该设备的施工人员认真研究，修正自己的操纵动作适应设备的个性，要经过长期摸索和研究后，才能养成符合设备个性的良好操作习惯。Mechanical engineering in the construction to avoid rough, otherwise once the impact load, making frequent mechanical failure, shorten service life. Immediately impact load, and can make both quick wear and fracture structure element is frequent, and will make the shock pressure of hydraulic system to produce additional, provides the damage of hydraulic components, and frequent overflow valve oil temperature rise. More notable is: professionals at work to maintain stability. Every free clearance equipment control system, after all, there is a big difference, connection parts wear degree and the gap between different also, the size of the engine and hydraulic system output is not identical also, these factors give the character of the equipment. Only use the equipment construction personnel to seriously study, fix their manipulation action equipment character, after a long-term exploration and research, to develop the good operation of equipment personality habits. 5.2 要注意气蚀和溢流噪声5.2 pay attention to the cavitation and noise of the overflow 机械工程作业中要时刻注意液压泵和溢流阀的声音，如果液压泵出现气蚀噪声，经过排气后不能消除，应查明原因排除故障后才能使用。如果某执行元件在没有负荷时动作缓慢，并伴有溢流阀溢流声响，应立即停机检修。Pay more attention to hydraulic pump in the mechanical engineering work and the voice of the overflow valve, if the hydraulic pump cavitation noise, after exhaust cannot eliminate, should find out the reason to use troubleshooting. If an executive element in no load when the action is slow, accompanied by the overflow valve the overflow ring, should immediately stop overhaul. 5.3 严格执行交接班制度5.3 strictly implement the system of succession 交班司机停放使用的机械时，要及时进行交接仪式，并保证接班司机检查的安全和检查到准确的油位。系统是否渗漏、连接是否松动、活塞杆和液压胶管是否撞伤、液压泵的低压进油管连接是否可靠、油箱油位是否正确等，是接班司机对液压系统检查的重点。Hands the driver parking when using mechanical, want to in a timely manner, the handover ceremony and ensure succession driver check safety and check to the correct oil level. Whether system leakage, connection is loose, the piston rod and hydraulic hose is injured, the hydraulic pump of low pressure inlet pipe connection is reliable, fuel tank oil level is correct, is succession driver to check the focus of the hydraulic system. 5.4 保持适宜的油温5.4 keep proper oil temperature 为了避免温度过高：不要长期过载；注意散热器散热片不要被油污染，以防尘土附着影响散热效果；保持足够的油量以利于油的循环散热；炎热的夏季不要全天作业，要避开中午高温时间。油温过低时，油的粘度大，流动性差，阻力大，工作效率低。此时需要进行暖机运转，起动发动机，以中速油门提高发动机转速，操纵手柄使工作装置的任何一个动作至极限位置，保持35min使液压油通过溢流升温。如果油温更低则需要适当增加暖机运转时间。In order to avoid too high temperature: dont overload for a long time; Note dont contaminated with oil radiator heat sink, to prevent the dust adhesion effect cooling effect; Keep enough oil for the oil circulation cooling; The hot summer months dont work all day, at noon to avoid high temperature and time. The oil temperature too low, oil viscosity, liquidity is poor, resistance is big, the efficiency is low. Warm-up operation is required, starting the engine, with medium speed throttle increase the engine speed, work device of the control handle to make any moves to limit position, keep 3 5 min to make hydraulic oil by raising the temperature of the overflow. If the oil temperature is lower need appropriate to increase the warming-up time operation. 5.5 液压油箱气压和油量的控制5.5 hydraulic pressure tank and oil control 压力式油箱在工作中要随时注意油箱气压，其压力必须保持在专业规定的范围内。压力过低，油泵吸油不足易损坏，压力过高，会使液压系统漏油，容易造成低压油路爆管。对维修和换油后的设备，排尽系统中的空气后，要按随时按照规定的检查油位状态，将机器停在平整的地方，保证机械的安全性。Pressure type fuel tank in the workplace should always pay attention to the tank pressure, the pressure must be kept within the limits prescribed in the professional. Pressure is too low, the pump damaged, lack of oil absorption pressure is too high, can make the hydraulic system oil, easy to cause low pressure oil pipe explosion. On the equipment after maintenance and oil change, all system in the air, check the oil level according to at any time in accordance with the relevant provisions of state, the machine is parked in the flat place, guarantee the safety of machiner