毕业论文二稿范文.doc

毕业论文二稿范文 Contents摘要1Abstract.21.Introduction.42.Previous studieson nomination52.1.Jespersens theory of nomination52.2.Hallidays theory of nomination.62.3.Comparison between Jespersens theoryand Hallidays theory.73.Nominalization in the Company Act fromperspective ofHallidays theoryof Grammatical Metaphor83.1.Frequency of nominalization in Company Act.93.2.Nominalization inGrammatical Metaphor.104.Functions ofnomination used in Company Act.114.1.Formality114.2.Suinctness.124.4.Objectivity145.Conclusion15Reference.17摘要名词化是语言学领域重要的一种语言现象。 许多语言学家如叶斯帕森，韩礼德等从不同角度对此做过很多研究。 韩礼德认为名词化是语法隐喻的。 通过名词化,过程或属性被隐喻为名词,出现在名词词组中。 隐喻过程中的主要特征是语法级阶的“向下”转移，即小句复合体转向小句再转向名词词组。 这种转移伴随着语法类别的转变,使系统进行了扩展。 名词化在法律英语中的运用很常见。 法律英语的特点包括准确、正式、客观、精确和连贯,属庄重语言,是正式程度最高的-种英语。 其鲜明的特点,这就是名词化的大量应用,而名词化就是词汇语法层次上的隐喻。 本文从语法隐喻的角度,以公司法为例，探讨名词化在法律英语文本中的使用情况。 研究发现，在公司法英语文本中，名词词组的使用频次达到了85.28%，起到了使文本更加客观、正式、简洁的作用。 关键词语法隐喻；名词化；名词化的运用；法律英语；Abstract Nominalization,which is an importantlinguistic field,has beenstudied fromdifferent perspectives.Many linguistshad madegreat contributionto nominalization,such asJespersen and Halliday.Halliday believed that nominalization is the source of grammatical metaphor.By using nominalization,the process is symbolizedby nouns,which appearsin thenoun group.The maincharacter ofmetaphor is the rank-shift,which means that theplex ofshort sentence bee shortsentence and then beenoun groups.Nominalization is widely used in legal English.It iswell known that thecharacteristics of English legal texts consistof concision,formality,objectiveness,delicacy andcoherence.Those charactersbenefit from the nominalization,which is the grammatical metaphor from the perspective of grammar.The discoursefunctions of nominalization arediscussed in legal languagefrom theperspective of grammatical metaphorbased on the Company Act andit concludesthat nominalization is a very importantcharacteristic inliteral and formal style of legal English.Aording to the statistics,the percentof nominalization in legal English is85.28%,therefore properlyusingnominalization can helpus to express ourideas concisely,delicately andrationally.Key words:grammatical metaphor;nominalization;nominalization inpany act;functions of nominalization NominalizationinCom panyAct CaoJun Schoolof ForeignLanguage4011201.Introduction Nominalization is amon phenomenon in English.At thebeginning of20th century,linguists werepaying closeattention tonominalization.Jespersen(1860-1943)took theresearch offunction and construction of nominalization firstly.Halliday(1925-)believedthat nominalization is a significantfactor to achieve the purpose of grammatical metaphor.These researchesof nominalizationvary from the causeand constructionto the functions andit extentsto thefields ofbusiness andlaw.Jespersen is one of the earliestscholars whonominalization.Nominalization,semantic-grammatical transference,iswidely used informal language.The definitionof nominalization is that:nominalization is a process in which noun ifformed fromother wordscategory ora derivationprocessin whichnoun phrase isderived froma lowclause.In linguistic,nominalization is the use of averb,or adjective,or an adverb asthe headof anoun phrase,with orwithout transformation.This termcan alsorefer specificallyto the process ofproducing anoun fromother wordcategory viathe additionof derivationalaffixes.The conversionof averb oradjective oranadverbto anoun is actually acreation of nominalization.The word“nominalization”is itselfa nominalization,ing from the verb“nominalize”by adding-ation.Aording toits functionsin a clause,nominalization can be dividedinto twotypes,namely,lexical nominalization and clausal nominalization.Lexical nominalizationrefers toany nominalzedwords orword groupwhich isderived fromverbs,adjective,etc.On theother hand,clausalnominalizationrefers toany clausewhich functionsas anoun in a clause.It includesnominal clauses,nominalzed verbalgroup,etc.In modernlinguistics,nominalization has been ahot topicfor along time.The researches,however,have beenmainly focusingon itsmorphology andsyntax.Recent yearshave seenan increasinginterest in the study of nominalizationbased onsystemic functionallinguistics andgreat achievementshave beenmade in this subject.However,there stillremains someroom for a detailedsystematic descriptionof thetextual functionsof Englishnominalization,and muchremains to be exploredin thestudy of the Chinesetranslation of nominalization in legal Englishfrom theperspective of systemic functionallinguistic.Nominalization is an important feature ofEnglish,what matterseven moreis that it isalso inwide use in legal English.2.Previous studieson nominalizationIn orderto havea prehensiveunderstanding of nominalization,the analysis of previousstudies of nominalization isessential.This partisabrief introductionof Jespersens relatedtheoryof nominalization andHallidays theoryof nominalization.On theother hand,in orderto study the differencebetweenJespersens andHallidays theoryof nominalization,the parisonof these two scholarshasbeenmade to achieve thatpurpose.2.1.Jespersens theoryof nominalizationJespersen(1860-1943)is one of the most famouslinguists in the20th century,who wasconsidered asthe firstresearcher tostudy nominalization,however,Jespersen didnot proposethe conceptof nominalizationdirectly because his researchabout nominalization is justmainly basedon rank,junction and nexus.Rank isan approach of wordtransforming,and Jespersendefines junctionas:A binationof wordswhich doesnot denoteprediction,but whichserves tomake whatwe arespeaking aboutmore precise.He explainednominalization in the termof nexus-substantive.In his theory,theso-called nexus-nouns referto thetransformation ofverbs and adjectives withadding theircorrespondent modifications.The nexus-substance can be dividedinto twokinds:verbal nominalization,like arrival,which istransformed fromone verbto noun,and adjectivenominalization,like sadness,which istransformed froman adjective.Jespersen indicated that the nominalization can also causea shiftof rankin thesyntax of the sentence,which cancause thepotential rhetoricaleffect as well,because theemployment ofnexus-substantive couldhelp toavoid thewordy expressionoriginally in the form of clause.(1940:89)This effectmeansthatnexus-substance can be modifiedby adjectives,which cant beachieved by adding adverbsto verbs.(Jespersen,1924:96)However,Jespersen alsonoticed that the meaning of nominalizationstill hasslight changesto someextent.He alsopointed out that the meaningof nominalization ismuch moreabstract andprofound,which isnot soappropriate touseindaily life.However,this feature of nominalization isof great importance to beusedin the scientificarticles and legal English.Jespersen isconsidered asthe firstlinguist tostudytheprogress of nominalization.Although hisresearch isnot sothorough,the followingresearches havebeen greatlyinspired byhim.Halliday isamong them.2.2.Hallidays theoryof nominalizationHalliday proposedthe theoryofsystemiclinguistics.Systemic functionalgrammar isan approach to linguisticsthat considerslanguage asa socialsemiotic system.Compared withJespersen,Halliday has a moreprofound researchon nominalization.(1994:207)Halliday believesthat nominalization is alwaysaompanied by the changeof words meaning,Halliday pointsoutthat nominalization is the mainsource ofgrammatical metaphor.Before thestudy ofHallidays theoryof nominalization,the basicbackground ofHallidays theoryofgrammatical metaphor should be explainedfirst.The theoryofgrammatical metaphor wasproposed by Halliday inhis AnIntroduction to Functional Grammar.Halliday definedgrammatical metaphoras“variation essentiallyinthe grammatical forms”(1994:342)and heclassified grammaticalmetaphor intoideational metaphor(metaphor oftransitivity)and interpersonalmetaphor(metaphor ofmood andmodality).It must be admitted that languagehas itsown way to expressthe meaning,which iscalled thecongruence,and thenon-congruent wayof expressingthe meaningis referredto asgrammaticalmetaphor(1993:45).Halliday usedthe termgrammaticalmetaphorto referto the meaning transferencefrom beingcongruent tometaphorical ingrammar.In congruentforms,verbs representaction,nouns representparticipants.While with the development of language,he pointsout,the originalrelation inthe sentencehas changedgreatly.People usuallyturn verbsinto nouns,adjectives into nouns andsentencebeenoun phrase.These changescan bedefined asthe grammaticalmetaphor.For example: (1)He spokeabout fivepoints. (2)His speechcovered fivepoints.Regarding of the abovetwo sentences,the secondsentence takesmetaphorical form,because inthe secondsentence,the verb“speak”is replacedby“speech”,in whichnominalization isused to realize metaphorprogress.Therefore,some scholarsbelieve thatNominalization isconsidered asthe most powerful recoursetorealizethegrammaticalmetaphor.2.3.Comparison betweenJespersens theoryandHallidays theoryJespersens studyofnominalization can beregarded asthe pioneerand has an effectiveinfluence onthe followingresearches byother linguists.But itmust beadmittedthat there arestill somelimitation inhis study.He paidattention to the syntacticfeatureofnominalization,ignoring the aspect oftext itselfand thedifferences ofregister.The classificationofnominalizationproposed by Jespersen isparatively narrow.Compared withJespersens theoryofnominalization,Hallidays(1994:226)proposed amore reasonableand insightfultheoryofnominalization.In theprevious parts,Jespersen madethe categoryof nounfrom adjectiveand verbsinto nexus-substantive withhis statement“it containsa substantivenarration”(Jespersen,1933:96),in other words,themostabstract thingshould besupported by a concretething,or it can notexist inpeoples mindindependently.Therefore,a substantive-noun alwayshasalogical structure of eithersubject-predicate ora clause.Thus,his classificationcan not include alltheaspect of wordtransference tonoun.In contrastHallidays theoryof GMindicated thetransference bothonthe level ofsemantics andlexicon.Therefore grammaticalmetaphor theorycan solvethis problemfor the nominalized wordsthemselves havethe ideationalfunction.In conclusion,Jespersens theoryof rankandnexusgenerate theapproachtotransform the words with modification,which not only shiftthe formof theword,but alsothemeaning.And themethod of adding post-modification toverbs oradjective totransform thewords,what iscalled nexusby Jespersenand nominalizationby Halliday,has furnishedthe possibility to createGrammatical Metaphor.From his,we cansee that thesetwolinguists contributea lotto thedevelopmentofnominalization.3.Nomination inthe CompanyAct fromperspective ofHallidays theoryof GrammaticalMetaphor Fromthe abovedescriptions,we canlearn that nominalization itselfisaprocess ofderivation ortransformation,and nominalizedstructures couldbe formedby attachingthe basicderivatives orthe subordinatestructure to the headword,therefore,nominalization is only meaningfulwhen itours inthe syntacticalsystem.Nominalization iswidelyusedinthescientific textsespecially inlegal English.It iswell knownthat Legal English is the styleofEnglishused bylawyers andother legalprofession inthe courseof theirwork.Legal Englishdiffers fromthe StandardEnglish ina number of ways.Based onthe CompanyAct,this partwill elaboratethe nominalizationfromtheperspectiveofHallidays theoryof GrammaticalMetaphor.3.1Frequency ofnominalization inCompanyActAording to the statistic,in childs fairytale,the nominalizationaounts only10.59%,inthescientific text,the nominalizationaounts53.23%,however,inthe legal text,the nominalizationaounts85.28%,which meana largeamount ofnominalization usage.These resultssuggest that the formalityof thetext isclosely relatedto theusage ofnominalization.LegalEnglish,which isconsidered asthe highlyformal language,adopt nominalizationwidely.Take the following legaltext forexample:Amendment section2:the transportationor importationinto anystate,territory,or possessionof theUnited Statefor deliveryor usetherein ofintoxicating liquor,in violation of the law thereof,is herebyprohibited.(ACT40)In thissentence,which onlyhas31words,there are6nominal words.Another examplecanalsoshow the frequent ourrenceofnominalization:A confidentialmarriage licenseis validforaperiod of90days after its issuance bythe county clerkand mayonly beusedinthe countyin whichit wasissued.(ACT98)In thissentence,the normalexpression of“afteritsissuancebythecountyclerk”is presentedintheplace of the“after theclerk issuedit”.It can be seenthat nominalizationis appliedinthissentence and thefrequentusage ofnominalization indicates that itcan makethe informationappear morepactly.In otherwords,legal English is famous for itspactness and informative character,and nominalizationis thebest waytoachievethis purpose.3.2Nominalization inGrammaticalMetaphorNominalization isa fundamentalpart ingenerating GM.Given thatnominalization helpsthe ourrenceofgrammaticalmetaphor,and theeffect ofnominalization inthe metaphoricalitems shouldbe justifiedin progress,which referstotheapproachofnominalization.The previousstudies ofnominalization,no matterinwhichfield,have provedthatnominalizationisanimportant approachto generatingGM andbring thecharacteristic offormality.Based onthose previousstudies,this partwill attempt to analyzethenominalphenomenoninCompanyAct,justifying thatnominalizationisessential tolegal English discourse fromthe pointof GM.The abovediscussion shows thattheimportantfeatureof legaltext isits nounphrase,or inotherwords istheso callednominal words.The extensiveuseofnominal modificationours withinlengthy nominal groups builton post-modifiers.Therefore thefollowing sentencefrom ACTisacase inpoint:The memorandumof associationmustbedelivered tothe registrartogether with an application for registration of the pany,the documentsrequired bythis sectionandastatement ofpliance.(xx:245)It canbe seenthatthe subject and the objectof thissentence aremade upof longnominal groups.The subject,“memorandum”,is modifiedbyanominal post-modifier,“association”,while theobject“registrar”,is followedbyalonger post-modifier“withanapplicationforregistrationof thepany”.It isknownthatnominalization inlegal English is monto beseen with the structureof objectification,which makeslegaltextmore objective.The factthatnominalizationis monlyseen inlegal Englishindicatesthatthe lawmakers trytoexpress and deliverthelawitems explicitlyand exactly,then theyexplain the whole meaningof theitem withthe objectificationof theopinion,notinthepurposeof makingit moredifficult forthe receiveras Hallidaymentioned,though thelong sentencewith variousnominalgroupsindeed havingbrought difficultlyin understanding.Generally speaking,the initialstage ofHallidays GMshows thathis studyofnominalizationis inspiredby Jespersens theoryof rank-shift andnexus,while hisstudyof thefunctionabout nominalizationis advancedthan thatof Jespersen,becausehisclassification isnot onlylimited onsemantics but also onthelevelof syntax,speech functionand itsmetaphorical implications.4.Functions ofnomination usedinlegal English Nominalizationplays a very important role inthelegal English.It makeslegal Englishmore suinct,formal,coherent,pact,and objective.This sectionwill elaboratethese functionsserved inCompanyAct.4.1.Formality Nominalizationmetaphor isthe maincharacter ofwritten EnglishandformalEnglish,andlegal English isoneofthat styles.Nominalization hasthe featureof nounsbecause ofits functionalemergence asthings andgrammatical appearanceas nouns.For example:Unless otherwise,provided forherein,failure ordelay onthe partof anyparty toexercise any right,power orprivilege underthis agreementshall notoperate asa waiverthereof,nor shallany singleor partialexercise ofanyright,power orprivilege precludefurther exercisethereof orexercise ofany otherright,power orprivilege.(ACT55)In thecontract clauseabove,there issome abstractnoun whiches fromverb.Such as:failure,delay,waiver,exercise.These nominalizationwords makelegal Englishformal andexact inthatnominalizationmakes thesentence pactandinformative.The frequencyofnominalizationimpresses thereaders asmore formalthan thecorresponding congruentforms.(xx:90)4.2.Suinctness LegalEnglishisfamousforits formalstyle,and the nominalization promisesit withgrammatical simplificationand the lexical density.One ofthe charactersof nounphrases isthe intensiveinformative.Nominalization isjust aprocess ofpackaging,making the verbs and adjectives beenominalization.Thus thesentence ispacked tonounphraseand clausesare packedtoa suinct sentence,reducing thenumberof words neededand increasethelexical density.Nominalizationisa goodwaytoachieve conciseness.It isused tomake aconcise andpact expression.Since thewords condensedown toa wordor group,nominalized wordsare clearlyvery economical.By meansof condensingthe informationinto alimited space,nominalizationistreated asaverypowerful deviceto createasuinctand condensedstyleof legalEnglish.Therefore,inthecircumstance ofgiving thesame information,the nominalizationis more suinct.Examples: (1).Origin:the relatedlaw ofthe Peoples Republicof Chinashall govern:how thecontract isformed;whether thecontract isvalid ornot;how thecontract isinterpreted;how thecontract isexecuted;how thedispute aresettled. (2).nominalization:the formationof thiscontract,its validity,interpretation,execution andsettlement ofthe disputesshall begoverned byrelated lawsofthePeoples Republicof China.The exampleshowsthatthe nominalizationmakes thelegal languagea pactand concisestructure.The progressofnominalizationis thatthe verb and theadjective havebeen transferredintonoun,using fewerwords andenlarging thelexicaldensity,which makest