国际货代实务英语手册.ppt

Unit1WhatIsChinaCustoms1 1ChinaCustomsOrganizations FunctionsandTasks1 1 1CustomsGeneralAdministrationTheintroductionofCustomsGeneralAdministrationTheCustomsGeneralAdministrationwasfoundedbytheStateCouncilonOct 25 1949 LocatedinBeijing theCustomsGeneralAdministrationnowconsistsofaltogether11departmentsandoffices ThemaintaskoftheCustomsGeneralAdministrationUndertheleadershipoftheStateCouncil toleadandorganizeCustomsofficesthroughoutthecountryintheenforcementofthe CustomsLaw andrelatedstatepoliciesandregulations andinthepromotionandprotectionofsocialistmodernization ThemainfunctionsoftheCustomsGeneralAdministration 1 Toadministerorganizations staffing vocationaltrainingandappointmentsandremovalsofdirectorsofCustomsofficesthroughoutthecountry andtoexerciseleadershipinCustomsschoolsandcolleges 2 Toorganizetheworkofresearchanddevelopment introductionandmanagementofCustomstechnologicalfacilities 3 ToadministerauditandsuperviseallCustomsfinancialaffairs equipments fixedassetsandcapitalconstruction 4 Tostrengthentiesandco operationandexternalexchangeswithoverseasCustomsservices internationalCustomsorganizationsandotherinternationalorganizationsconcerned 5 TodraftandenactthepoliciesandprinciplesonCustomsworktoparticipateindrawingupandamendingtheCustomsImportandExportTariff toenactotherstatutesonCustomsoperation andtoinspect superviseanddirecttheenforcementofthembytheCustomsofficesthroughoutthecountry 6 ToparticipateindraftinginternationaltreatiesandagreementsonCustomsaffairs 7 Toconducttheunifiedhandlingoftariffreductionsandexemptions 8 ToorganizeandguidethepreventiveworkoftheCustomsofficesthroughoutthecountry 9 Toexamineapplicationsforreviewingdisputesondutypaymentsandapplicationsforreviewingcustomsdecisionsonpenalties 10 CompileCustomsstatistics 1 1 2CustomsEstablishments TheintroductionofCustomsEstablishmentsTheCustomsEstablishmentissetupbyStateatportsopeningtoforeigncountriesandatplaceswhichcallforconcentratedCustomsoperation WiththedevelopmentofChina sexternaleconomyandtrade aswellasChina sfurtheropeningtotheoutsideworldmoreandmoreCustomsEstablishmentsaresetup ThemaintaskoftheCustomsEstablishments 1 TocollectCustomsdutiesandothertaxesandfees 2 Toexercisesupervisionandcontroloverinwardandoutwardgoodsandmeansoftransport passenger sluggageandpersonalpostalarticles 3 TocompileCustomsstatisticsanddealwithotherCustomsmatters 4 Topreventandcountersmuggling 1 2CustomsOfficerandthePassengers BaggageExamination1 2 1AppearanceandImageWearingthesmart coordinatedCustomsuniforms maleandfemaleCustomsofficersexaminethedeclarationforms checkpassengersandbaggageandsearchhandbaggageintheCustomsInspectionRoom MindfuloftheirroleinenforcementofCustomslaw notonlyregardingCustoms butofChinaaswell Customsofficerstakegreatprideintheirappearance ACustomsofficermeetshundredsofpassengersinaworkday Ineachofthesepassengers minds theCustomsofficeriscreatingimagesofhimselfandtheorganizationherepresents TheimageoftheCustomsofficerisenhancedbyhisappearance style courteousactions conduct andsafetyprocedures allarepartofhisresponsibilities 1 2 2FriendlyAttitudeandGoodJudgmentTheCustomsofficer sattitudecanbethefactorwhichcontrolssuchpotentiallyexplosivesituations Throughhisattitude theCustomsofficercanimpresspassengerswiththeauthorityandformalityoftheinspectionprocedure whileconveyingsincereinterestinandunderstandingofthepassengers problems ACustomsofficer sfriendlyrelaxedattitudecanrelievethehonestpassenger sapprehensionsandtensions andgenerallyhaveacalmingeffect Theprudentlawenforcementofficerbaseshisactionsuponknowledgegainedfromeducation training andexperienceinthelawenforcementfield AsaCustomsofficer hewillbecomemoresecureinmakingjudgmentashebetterunderstandsthelawrequiresandhowitistobeapplied 1 2 3PassengerProcessingMostCustomsofficers Customsinspectors particularlynewCustomsofficers spendthevastmajorityoftheirtimeprocessingpassengers TheCustomsofficerisrequiredtocourteouslyprocesstheclearanceofpeopleandtheirbaggageand atthesametime apprehendthosepersonsviolatingtheCustomslawandrelatedlaws 1 2 4IntelligenceIntelligenceisinformationaboutanindividualorasituation whichindicatesthepossibilitythataviolationmayoccur Thepassenger sappearance conductandreactiontoquestioningcontainvitalinformationtoaidindeterminingtheextentoftheexaminationrequired 1 2 5QuestioningandTactTheinspectionalprocedureisfilledwithanoverabundanceofsituations inwhichthejudicioususeoftactcanmaketheinspectionlessdifficult andminimizetheprobabilityofcomplaintsfromthepassengers Tobuildafoundationforpassengerexamination theCustomswillborrowamethodlongusedinjournalism Themethodisreferredtoas thefiveWs ThosefiveWsareWHO WHERE WHEN WHATandWHY notnecessarilyinthatorder Sometimes forgoodmeasure HOWisthrownin Inaskingthesequestions theCustomsofficermustultimatelybeworkingtowardsagoal determiningwhetherornotthereisahighlikelihoodthatthepassengeriscarryingnarcotics undeclaredmerchandise fraudulentlyinvoicedmerchandise prohibitedagriculturalproducts OrifheisinviolationofoneofthemanylawsCustomsisrequiredtoenforce Forthispurpose theCustomsofficermustdevelopgeometricquestioning askingquestionsinsuchamannerthatbuildoneupontheother Unit2HowDoesCustomsSuperviseandControl2 1CustomsSupervisionandControloverImportsandExports2 1 1HowdoesCustomsSuperviseandControloverImportedandExportedcargoImportedandexportedcargo exceptwherespeciallyrelieved issubjecttothenecessaryCustomsexamination DuringthecourseoftheexaminationCustomsmustcheckthattheshippingmarks numberofpackages weight specificationsofthecargo andtradingcountrycorrespond agree withthoseonthelicenses thatthecargoaccordswithrelevantregulationsonforeigntrade thatthereisnodamagetoorlossofcargo thatthequalityandpackingofexportedgoodsareuptorequirements andthattherearenoirregularitiesdaringloading dischargingorstoring Importantexports afterbeingexaminedandfoundtobeinaccordwiththeregulationmaybereleased setfree withtherelativedocumentssignedandsealedbyCustoms againstwhichthedeliveryorshipmentofthecargomaybemadebetweenthecargo ownerandtheharbor airport railwaystation postofficeorotherunitconcerned AnyimportorexportcargonotinconformitywiththestipulationsmaynotbereleasedandwillfalltobedisposedofbyCustomsaccordingtotheregulations Asforexports Customs inconjunctionwiththeCommodityInspectionBureauwhoseprimefunctionthisis mustpaystrictattentiontothequalityofthegoodstobeexportedsoastomaintainthegoodprestigeofChinainforeigntrade Behindthebusyactivityofunloadingorloadingashiporaircraft opportunitiesarisewiththepotentialfordevelopingintoviolationsoftheChineseCustomscode 2 1 2HowdoesCustomsSuperviseandControloverIncomingandOutgoingShipsIncomingandoutgoingmeansoftransport suchasvessels trains civilaircraftsandvehiclesmustbeplacedunderCustomssupervisionandcontrol OnenteringorleavingtheChineseterritory theymustsubmitdeclarationtoCustomsmaythecargobedischargedorloadedandtheconveyancemaycontinueonitswaytootherChineseopenportsorsailabroad ThesupervisionandcontrolofmeansoftransportisoneofthemaintasksoftheChineseCustoms Onarrivalofashipfromabroadatanchorageoratwharf theQuarantineofficerswillgoonboardtheshiptoseetherearenoinfectiousdiseasesbeingfoundontheship Whileonboardthejointinspectionpartyworksasaunit buteachmemberofpartycarriesouttheirrespectiveduties InordertosatisfytheneedoftheopendoorpolicyadoptedbyChina theprocedureofthejointinspectionhasbeensimplified ThemaindutyoftheCustomsistoseeiftheshiphasgottherequiredship spapersandtocollectthem toseeifhercargoisingoodorder andtofindouttheshipisinvolvedinanysmugglingoranyotherunlawfulactivities Thefirstdutyinthecontrolofshipsistocollectspecifieddocumentsandpapers Importandexportgoodsaresubjecttoexamination Duringthecourseofsuchexamination Customsmustcheckthattheshippingmark numberofpackage weight specificationsofthegoodsandtradingcountrycorrespondtothoseonthelicenses thatthecargoaccordswithrelevantregulationsonforeigntrade thatthereisnodamagetoorlossofcargo thatthequalityandpackingoftheexportgoodsareuptorequirements andthattherearenoirregularitiesduringloading dischargingorshoring 2 2CustomsControloverManufactureinBondforExportIfimportedmaterialsaretakenintoabondedwarehouseforstorage withoutpaymentofduty thestoragemustbeundercustomscontrol Thatisthewarehousemustbeoneauthorizedbythecustoms Inthesameway thecustomsauthoritiesmusthavesuitablecontrolthroughoutifimportedmaterialsaretakenintoabondedwarehouseformanufacturingexportproducts Ifsuchcustomscontrolisstrictlyenforceditmayinvolvesomeofthefollowingfunctionscustomssupervisionofthetransferofimportedmaterialsonwhichdutyhasnotbeenpaidfromthedockstothebondedwarehouse Customscontroloveraccesstotherawmaterials finishedgoodsandanyintermediatematerialsincludingwastesstoredinthewarehouse andthephysicalsupervisionbycustomsoftheexportationofothermeansofdisposalofthefinishedproductsandothergoodsarisingfromtheprocessofmanufactureinbond Unit3WhatIsInternationalTradeTerms3 1RoleofInternationalTradeTerms3 1 1IntroductiontoTradeTermsTradetermsarealsoreferredtoas priceterms or deliveryterms Tradetermsareasetofuniformrulescodifyingtheinterpretationoftradetermsdefiningthepricecompositionandtherightsandobligationsofthebuyerandthesellerininternationaltransactions Everycommercialtransactionisbaseduponasalescontract andthetradetermsusedinthecontracthavetheimportantfunctionofnamingtheexactpointatwhichtheownershipofthemerchandiseistransferredfromthesellertothebuyer 3 1 2TheRoleofInternationalTradeTermsinInternationalTradeItisbeneficialtobuyersandsellersofnegotiatingtransactionandconcludingcontractBecauseeachtradetermhasitsspecificmeaning therefore aslongasthepartiesagreedonthetradeterm itisalsodefiningtheresponsibility costsandriskswhichlieinthecargolanding overandwhoareresponsibleforthem ItisbeneficialtobuyersandsellersofaccountingthepriceandcostAstradetermsexpressthecomponentsofprice sobothbuyersandsellersmustconsiderthecostofsubordinationincludedinthetradetermwhichisadoptedwhenpartiesdeterminetheconcludedprice ItishelpingtoresolvedisputesinthecontractIfbuyerandsellershavethelackofconsiderationforthetermsofthecontract sothatcertainmattersshallnotclearorincomplete resultinginthedisputeofperformancecannotberesolvedbasedontheprovisionsofthecontract inthiscase couldinvokethegeneralexplainingofrelevanttradetermstodealwithit whentheynegotiatingcontracts ItisbeneficialtootherorganizationsItisbeneficialtoorganizationsofcarryingoutoperationalactivities withtheappearanceoftradetermsandinternationalusageswhichexplainingthem theyprovideanobjectivebasis andfavorableconditionsfororganizationsaboutdealingwiththeissuesexistinthepracticeandcarryingoutoperationalactivities 3 2InternationalTradeUsages3 2 1WhereIsInternationalTradeUsagesfrom Ininternationaltradebusinesspractice becauseofeachnationallegalsystems tradepracticesaredifferent sotherearedifferencesinunderstandingandoperatingeachtradetermthateasilyleadtotradedisputes 3 2 2UnderstandingIncotermsWhyIncoterms Incotermsareinternationalrulesthatareacceptedbygovernments legalauthoritiesandpractitionersworldwidefortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtermsininternationaltrade Theyeitherreduceorremovealtogetheruncertaintiesarisingfromdifferinginterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountries Whatdotheycover ThescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold butexcluding intangibles likecomputersoftware Whatdotheynotdealwith AlthoughtheIncotermsarewidelyusedandexceedinglyhandy theyarenotmeantforeverytypeofcontract Specifically thetermsusedinacontractstateexactlywhentheshipperunloadsandrelinquishesobligation andwhenthebuyertakesoverforcarriageandinsurance 3 2 3Warsaw OxfordRules1932In1928 theInternationalLawAssociationheldameetinginWarsaw andworkedouttheUniformRulesforCIFSalesContracts whichwascalledWarsawRules1928 andrenamedWarsaw OxfordRules1932attheOxfordConventionandincludes21clauses ItismainlyusetoindicatethenatureandcharacteristicoftheCIFcontractandalsotostipulatetheresponsibilitiesofthetwopartiesunderCIFterms 3 2 4RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941In1919 nineAmericancommercialgroupsdrewuptheUSExportQuotationsandAbbreviationsin1919 thenrevisedin1941andrenamedRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941 ItwasadoptedbytheAmericanCommerce theNationalImportersAssociationandtheAmericanForeignTradeAssociationinthesameyear 3 2 5InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofmostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade Thustheuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree 3 3AGuidetoIncoterms20003 3 1ExplanationofTermsinIncoterms2000Incoterms2000aimatprovidingsuchasetofstandardizedtermswhichmeanexactlythesametobothpartiestoacontractandwillbeinterpretedinexactlythesamewaybycourtsineverycountry Forthepurposeofeasierreadingandunderstanding abriefexplanationwillbegivenbasedonthebelowfourgroupsrespectively Whatarethe13terms 3 3 2ExplanationofGroupEUnderthe E term EXW theselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller sownpremises Itistheonlyoneofthatcategory EXWEXWorks namedplace EXWmeansthatthesellerfulfillshisobligationtodeliverwhenhehasmadethegoodsavailabletothebuyerathispremisesoranothernamedplace i e works factory warehouse etc notclearedforexportandnotloadedonanycollectingvehicle Titleandriskpasstothebuyerincludingpaymentofalltransportationandinsurancecostsfromtheseller sdoor 3 3 3ExplanationofGroupFUnderthe F terms FCA FASandFOB theselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer FCAFreeCarrier namedplace Titleandriskpasstothebuyerincludingtransportationandinsurancecostswhenthesellerdeliversgoodsclearedforexporttothecardernominatedbythebuyeratthenamedplace Itshouldbenotedthatthechosenplaceofdeliveryhasanimpactontheobligationsofloadingandunloadingthegoodsatthatplace Ifdeliveryoccursattheseller spremises thesellerisresponsibleforloading Ifdeliveryisatanyotherplace thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransport FASFreeAlongsideShip namedportofshipment Titleandriskpasstothebuyerincludingpaymentofalltransportationandinsurancecostwhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipmentbytheseller Theexportclearanceobligationrestswiththeseller ThisisareversalfrompreviousIncotermsversionswhichrequiredthebuyertoarrangeforexportclearance However ifthepartieswishthebuyertoclearthegoodsforexport thisshouldbemadeclearbyaddingexplicitwordingtothiseffectinthecontractofsale FOBFreeonBoard namedportofshipment Titleandriskpasstobuyerincludingpaymentofalltransportationandinsurancecostwhenthegoodspasstheship srailatthenamedportofshipment Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint TheFOBtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport Usedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransportation TheobligationsofthesellerundertheFOBcontractmaybesummarizedasfollows Thesellerisrequiredto 1 Supplyconforminggoods packedappropriatelyorinaccordancewiththecontract andanydocumentsconfirmingconformitywhichhavebeenagreedandsupplyacommercialinvoiceoritselectronicequivalent 2 Deliverthegoodstobuyerbyplacingthemonboard thatisovertherailofthevesselwhichhasbeennotifiedbythebuyer inthemannerwhichisusualorcustomaryatthatportforsuchdelivery atthetimeagreedandwithoutdelaygivethebuyersufficientnoticeofthefact 3 Placethemonthevesselinthepositionandmannerrequired 4 Payanycostsincidentaltodeliveryofthegoods 5 Obtainanexportlicense ifsorequired oranyotherdocumentnecessaryfortheexportationofthegoodsandclearthegoodsthroughcustoms 6 Provideproofofdeliveryinthemanneragreed provideanyassistancerequestedbythebuyerinrespectofobtainingdocumentsfacilitatingexportandprovidinginformationtoenablethegoodstobeinsured Thebuyerisrequiredto 1 Givesufficientnoticetothesellerofthetimeandlocationofthedeliveryhaving presumably contractedforthecarriageofthegoodsfromtheportofshipment bearanycostsoccasionedbyhisfailuretodosoandbeartheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsfromthetimetheypassovertheship srail 2 Obtainanyappropriatelicenses authorizationsfortheimportofthegoods andcomplywithcustomsformalitiesforimportationwhetherinthecountryofdestinationofinacountryoftransit 3 Payanycostsincidentaltotheimportationofthegoods beartheriskinthosegoodsfromthetimeoftheirdeliveryandbearthecostsoftheprovisionofassistancebythesellerattherequestofthebuyer 4 Payforthegoods However astheloadingofthegoodsisacontinuousprocess itishardtousedship srailasapointtodivideresponsibilitiesandcosts 3 3 4ExplanationofGroupCUnderthe C terms CFR CIF CPTandCIP thesellerhastocontractforcarriage Butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossorofdamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentordispatch CFRCostandFreight namedportofdestination Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship srailintheportofshipment Thesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbuttheriskoflossordamagetothegoods aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer CIFCost Insurance andFreight namedportofdestination Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship srailintheportofshipment Thesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbuttheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport Theseller sobligationsunderaCIFcontractmaybesummarizedasfollows 1 Toshipgoodsofthedescriptioncontainedinthecontractandclearthegoodsforexportortobuyconforminggoodsafloat 2 Ifthegoodsarenotboughtafloat toprocureacontractofcarriagebyseaunderwhichthegoodswillbedeliveriedatthedestinationagreedbythecontractandobtainthebillofladingasevidenceofhavingdoneso 3 Toarrange ifthishasnotalreadybeendone insuranceontermscurrentinthetradewhichwillbeavailableforthebenefitofthebuyerandprovideapolicyorinsurancedocumentwhichentitlesthebuyertomakeaclaimagainsttheinsurer 4 Tomakeoutaninvoicewhichnormallywilldebitthe