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湘潭大学毕业论文（隶书，小初号字，加粗）题目：自然主义在嘉莉妹妹中的体现Title ：Naturalism in Sister Carrie(题目、学院、专业、学号、姓名、指导教师（职称）、完成日期，宋体、3号字、加粗)学 院： 外国语学院 专 业： 英 语 学 号： 2000005192 姓 名： 张 沙 指导教师： 刘 甲（教授） 赵 飞（助教）完成日期: 2009年5月 7Contents（居中，加粗，小二号，）（空2行）（以下为1.5倍行距）Abstract(四号，一级目录加黑）IIIntroduction 11. Naturalism 11.1 The Definition and the Development of Naturalism 21.2 The Theory of Evolution and Naturalism （小四号）22. Naturalism in Sister Carrie 32.1 The Introduction of Sister Carrie and Its Major Theme 32.2 The Reflection of Naturalism in Sister Carrie 52.3 The Reflection of Naturalism in The Characters 72.4 Dreisers Own Experiences as Natural Materials 13Conclusion 18Notes19Works Cited20IAppendix 21自然主义在嘉莉妹妹中的体现中文题目（宋体、3号字、加粗,居中，上下各空一行；）摘 要：19世纪后半期，自然主义者们写了许多带有自然主义倾向的优秀小说，德莱塞嘉莉妹妹是美国自然主义小说的代表和颠峰之作。这部小说自问世以来就引起了广泛的关注，文学界中有很多关于嘉莉妹妹中自然主义的分析与研究，褒贬不一。本文从自然主义的概念出发，以自然主义的观点，并结合作者德莱塞的个人经历，对嘉莉妹妹这部作品的内容、主题、以及小说中主要人物的形象进行了分析，旨在说明自然主义在嘉莉妹妹中是如何表现的，尤其是在小说女主人公嘉莉妹妹身上的体现。关键词：道德；道德行为；自然主义；责任（“摘要”、“关键词”五个字用宋体、小4号字、加粗；其他： 宋体、5号字，）Naturalism in Sister Carrie英文题目（Times New Roman, 3号字，加粗，居中，上下各空一行；）Abstract: In the last half of the nineteenth century, naturalists wrote a lot of excellent works with naturalism tendency. Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie is the representative and one of the best naturalistic works of American naturalism. The literary circle has paid much attention to this great novel since its publication in 1900. There are many analyses and researches on the naturalism in Sister Carrie, either positive or negative. According to the definition of naturalism and the personal experiences of Dreiser, this paper primarily analyzes the contents, theme and the images of main characters of the novel with the naturalistic viewpoints in order to present how naturalism finds its full expressions in Sister Carrie, especially in the leading character sister Carrie. Key words: morality；moral behavior；naturalism；responsibilityII（ Abstract 和 Key words 两个词用Times New Roman, 四号字，加粗；其他：Times New Roman, 小4号字，）Introduction(三号加黑，上下各空一行；)(引言正文Times New Roman, 小四号字, 1.5倍行距, 应包括的基本内容: 1.叙述撰写该论文的目的和现实意义；2.叙述该选题的国内外研究现状，有何代表性的研究成果或研究进展情况等；3.叙述选题的主要观点、研究方法（技术路线）、创新之处等。)1. Naturalism（各章题序及标题：三号加黑，上下各空一行；）1.1 The Definition and the Development of Naturalism（各节一级题序及标题：小三号加黑，上下各空12磅；）1.1.1 ( 各节的二级题序及标题四号加黑，上下各空6磅) (各节的三级题序及标题小四号加黑，上下各空6磅)(正文Times New Roman, 小四号字, 1.5倍行距)Naturalism was a term created by the French novelist Emile Zola. He believed that people were not really free. Rather their lives, opinions and morality were all controlled by social, economic and psychological causes. Like many other European writers and artists, Emile Zola had been impressed by Darwins theory of evolution, and used it to account for the behavior of characters in literary works. The origin of the universe and all things contained therein by natural process is widely accepted and proclaimed. The development of the first living organisms and their diversification into all the plants and animals now extant are attributed by many to natural processes. The most widely accepted explanation is usually called the theory of evolution, which is often taught as law of nature based on established fact. To question its validity in the intellectual world is virtual hereby. At the end of the nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the societys disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells (Hu Yintong and Liu Shusen 298) called for the “smiling aspects of life”. Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that religious truth were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the novels of such writers as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. Naturalism in literature is a moral and spiritual absolute zero, conceivable but unattainable, and the term “naturalistic” when applied to a book or an author must be able only in a relative sense.1.2 The Theory of Evolution and Naturalism To the naturalists, society is no reasonable spiritually sentiment body making its slow progress towards ultimate perfection. Progress is to them measurable in terms of the extension of democratic freedom. Ideals, morals and spirituality of the universe are to them empty dream; God is death, in Zolas words, “nothing if occult. Men are but phenomena and the condition of phenomena” (446). Balzac suggested that human beings like animals are the products of their environment, and develop individuals characteristic according to the life around them. The traditional sense of original sin as scientific knowledge increased particularly in the field of geology and evolutionary biology and mans sense of his own unworthiness of his miserable unimportance in the face of highest force clearly demonstrated the evolution thought “survival of the fittest” that men was a simply part of nature just as a fish or an ape, and was like any other animals. He was governed by his instincts and natural desire for food, warmth, and sexual satisfaction. The stronger and more intelligent would win in the struggle for existence, while the weaker and slower would be destroyed. Either was blameworthy or praiseworthy. No one was morally responsible, people did what they had to do and were fortunate or unfortunate.2. Naturalism in Sister Carrie2.1 The IntroductionSister Carrie was Theodore Dreisers first novel, published in November 1900. On Sister Carrie Dreiser wrote,“It is not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but as a picture of conditions done as simply and effectively as the English language will permit ” (208-209). A country girl comes to Chicago to look for a better life. She first stays with her sister whose working-class home is, however, too poor to keep her. Winter is coming and she is seriously ill. A traveling salesman, Drouet by name, comes to her rescue and takes her home as his mistress. Sister Carries beauty appeals to Drouets friend, Hurstwood, so that the respectable manager deserts his comfortable home and family and forces her to elope with him. They run first to Canada and then settle down in New York. For some time they experience dire poverty. Sister Carrie goes out to find work on the stage, but Hurstwood proves himself to be utterly unfit to survive. His downfall is complete when he commits suicide one cold winter night. At the end of the book Sister Carrie is seen sitting in her rocking chair, still rocking. This, then, is a sketchy account of the story of Sister Carrie. Dreisers real theme in Sister Carrie is the purposelessness of life. While looking at individuals with warm, human sympathy, he also sees the disorder and cruelty of life in general. While one character, Carrie, gains fame and comfort, another character in the novel, Hurstwood, loses his wealth, social position and pride. This characters tragedy is just accidental as Carries success. Dreiser does not try to explain why these things happen. In this form of naturalism, the working of the fate can never be explained. 2.4. Dreisers Own Experiences As Natural MaterialsTo his friend H. L. Mencken, Dreiser later described the genesis of Sister Carrie somewhat differently. Arthur Henry, who had begun a novel called A Princess of Arcady, wanted company, and began to advise his friend to write one too. Finally, “I took a piece of yellow paper and to please him wrote down a title at randomSister Carrieand began” (Lingeman 131). And so, it appears from the manuscript, he did. At the top of the first page are the words of the title, and the first paragraph provides the essential information like a good newspaper lead: （任何连续引文如果超过四行，引文引入句的结尾要用冒号，引文开头要另起一行，并且引文每行统一左缩进十个字母，引文不用标引号）When Caroline Meeber boarded the afternoon train for Chicago her total outfit consisted of a small trunk, which was checked in the baggage car, a cheap imitation alligator skin satchel holding some minor details of the toilet, a small lunch in a paper bag and a yellow leather snap purse, containing her ticket, a scrap of paper with her sisters address in Van Buren Street, and four dollars in money. It was in August, 1889. She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid and full