几篇石化文章的汉译英.doc

根据最早期的科学研究调查，石油的形成被归结为两种起源：有机的和无机的。一些化学家和天文学家认为石油是无机起源的，有的是火成岩成因，有的是宇宙成因，或者是两者的结合体。大部分石油地质学家认为石油是由埋藏的有机物质经成岩作用形成的，并且指出石油形成于沉积岩而不是火成岩。经济而精确的化学分析技术的出现使得生油岩的研究成为可能。现在，可以把石油和生成它的页岩进行对比，用来确定潜在的生油岩、它们生油或生气的倾向，以及它们的热成熟度水平。 要形成商业性油气藏，必须满足5个条件： 1必须有富含有机质的源岩以产生石油和或天然气； 2源岩必须经受足够的热演化以生成石油； 3必须有能够容纳排出的油气的储集层。该储集层必须具有孔隙度来存储油和或气，以及渗透性而让流体流动； 4储集层必须被非渗透性的盖层所封闭，以防止油气向上逸散到地表；5源岩、储集层和盖层必须合理地分布来圈闭石油。 From the earliest days of scientific investigation the formation of petroleum had been attributed to two origins: inorganic and organic. Some chemists and astronomers argued for an inorganic origin - ometimes igneous, sometimes extraterrestrial, or a mixture of both. Most petroleum geologists believe that petroleum forms from the diagenesis of buried organic matter and note that it is indigenous to sedimentary rocks rather than igneous ones. The advent of cheap and accurate chemical analytical techniques allowed petroleum source rocks to be studied. It is now possible to match petroleum with its parent shale and to identify potential source rocks, their tendency to generate oil or gas, and their level of thermal maturation. For a commercial oil accumulation to occur, five conditions must be fulfilled: 1. There must be an organic-rich source rock to generate the oil and/or gas. 2. The source rock must have been heated sufficiently to yield its petroleum. 3. There must be a reservoir to contain the expelled hydrocarbons. This reservoir must have porosity, to contain the oil and/or gas, and permeability, to permit fluid flow. 4. The reservoir must be sealed by an impermeable cap rock to prevent the upward escape of petroleum to the earths surface. 5. Source, reservoir, and seal must be arranged in such a way as to trap the petroleum. 原油储量是指从已知油田的油井中将来可望产出原油的估计数量。世界已发现常规油田的可采石油的总量约为一万亿桶。其中约67%的世界储量分布在沙特阿拉伯、科威特、伊朗、伊拉克等中东国家。 石油是不可再生的资源。和树木不同，石油一旦从地下采出，就不可再生。原油在地下岩层深处通过自然过程形成的速度很慢，在实验室中还从未形成过。从源岩中的有机物到原油的形成至少需要几百万年，现存的原油量是有限的。 The term oil reserves refers to the estimated amount of crude oil that is expected to be produced in the future from wells in known oil fields. The total amount of recoverable oil already found in the worlds conventional oil fields amounts to about ltrillion barrels. About 67 percent of the worlds reserves was in the Middle Eastern countries of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq et al. Petroleum is considered a nonrenewable resource. Unlike trees, it cannot be replaced once it is removed from the ground. Crude oil forms very slowly by natural processes deep in subsurface rocks and has never been formed in laboratories. The generation of crude oil from organic matter in a source rock requires at least several million years. There is a limited amount of crude oil in existence. 石油水平运移的距离一直以来都是人们争论的话题。这是一个很难测量的参数。一般它是靠实际测量石油聚集区和最近的源岩之间的距离来完成的。然而，成熟度和生油岩应该被界定。二维和三维研究方法都已经做过尝试，在石油被圈闭在泥岩中的砂岩透镜体内，石油运移是短距离的。而在那些圈闭周围没有明显临近生油岩的地方，肯定发生过大量的侧向运移。生油岩和石油之间的对比，可以通气相色谱的鉴别技术来实现。 Migration lateral distance to which petroleum can migrate has always been debated. It is a difficult parameter to measure. Traditionally, it is done by physically measuring the distance between the petroleum accumulation and the nearest source rock, however maturity and source rock might be defined. Both two- and three-dimensional studies have been attempted. Where oil is trapped in sand lenses surrounded by shale, the migration distance must have been short. Where oil occurs in traps with no obvious adjacent source rock, extensive lateral migration must have occurred. Correlation between source rock and oil can be carried out by fingerprinting using gas chromatography. 第三种开采机理被称为溶解气驱。这种驱动类型存在于起初没有气顶的油田。开采开始后，压力降低，油中形成气泡并膨胀，迫使油从空隙体系中流出，从而流向井眼。气体的膨胀有助于维持油藏的压力。起初，气泡是分散的。随着时间的推移，它们聚合在一起，可能形成了连续的游离气相，可能在油藏顶部形成气顶。该点被定义为临界气体饱和度。需采取措施来避免达到这一点。通过维持低产率生产或重新注入采出的天然气以维持原始油层压力的方法，可以避免达到临界气体饱和度。 The third type of production mechanism is the dissolved gas drive, sometimes called the solution gas drive. This type of drive occurs in oil fields that initially have no gas cap. As production begins, pressure drops and gas bubbles form in the oil and expand, forcing the oil out of the pore system and toward the boreholes. As the gas expands, it helps to mamtain reservoir pressure. Initially, the gas bubbles are separated. As time passes, they come together and may form a continuous free-gas phase, which may accumulate as a gas cap in the crest of the reservoir. This point is termed the critical gas saturation, and care should be taken to prevent it from being reached. It may be avoided either by maintaining a slow rate of production or by reinjecting the produced gas to mamtain the original reservoir pressure. 远离井口的页岩气的运输基本上是不可行的。由于压力低，天然气必须加压后才能够在管道内流动。这种额外增加的成本通常破坏了项目的盈利能力。另一方面，如果页岩气毗邻城镇，或甚至独立的工厂、学校、农场、医院、监狱、大学及其它类似机构，那么就可以成为极为适宜的能源来源。页岩气生产对环境的影响很小。钻井结束后，就不需要井架了。与油田不同的是，页岩气井不需要井口泵，也不需要横跨乡村修建长距离的管道。一旦投产，页岩气的生产不引人注意、容易且安静。除日常维护之外，页岩气产量不太高，但可靠并能长期生产。 Transportation of shale gas far from the well head is seldom feasible. Because of the low pressure, the gas must be pressurized for it to flow along a pipeline. This additional cost generally destroys the profitability of the project. On the other hand, shale gas is an eminently suitable energy source when located adjacent to a town, or even individual factories, schools, farms, hospitals, prisons, universities, and similar establishments. Shale gas production has a negligible environmental impact. Once the well is drilled there is no derrick. Unlike an oil field there is no need for well-head pumps. No long-distance pipelines have to be built across the countryside. Once established, shale gas production is inconspicuous, undemanding, and silent. Apart from routine maintenance production is modest, but reliable and long term.含油气系统的保存时间是指发生在油气生成一运移一聚集过程之后，该含油气系统中的油气被保存、改变或破坏的时间。保存期间发生的地质作用包括再次运移、物理或生物降解以及或油气的完成破坏。在保存过程中只有发生褶皱、断裂、抬升或剥蚀的情况下，才会发生再次运移。一个正在形成或刚刚形成的含油气系统没有保存时间。也就是说，当含油气系统中的生成一运移一聚集过程持续至今时，保存时间不存在，可以认为大部分油气被保存下来，而极少被生物降解或破坏。 The preservation time of a petroleum system takes place after the generation-migration-accumulation of hydrocarbons occur, and is the time when hydrocarbons within that petroleum system are preserved, modified, or destroyed. Processes that occur during the preservation time are remigration, physical or biological degradation, and/or complete destruction of the hydrocarbons. Remigration occurs during the- preservation time only if folding, faulting, uplift, or erosion occurs. An actively forming or just completed petroleum system is without a preservation time. That is, when the generation-migration-accumulation of the petroleum system extends to the present day, there is no preservation time,and it would be expected that most of the petroleum is preserved and that comparatively little has been biodegraded or destroyed. 煤层中甲烷气的出现是众所周知的，因为作为“爆炸性矿井瓦斯”，它对煤矿工人来说是一种普遍存在的安全隐患。作业煤矿需要大量的通风系统来抽取甲烷。美国能源部估计，作为一项日常安全措施，每天约250百万立方英尺的甲烷从美国的煤矿中抽出。因此，煤层气现已成为非常规油气资源之一。 The occurrence of methane gas in coal measures is only too well known because as fire damp it is a widespread safety hazard to coal miners. Extensive ventilation systems are required to extract methane from working coal mines. The U.S. Department of Energy has estimated that some 250 MMcf (million cubic feet) of methane is vented daily from U.S. coal mines as a routine safety measure. Thus coal-bed methane has now joined the list of non-conventional petroleum resources. 当油田开采到一定时候，油藏的天然压力会衰减到再也无力将岩石孔隙里的石油驱替出来进入井底。在石油工业发展初期，油田开发人员完全依靠一次采油机理进行生产。驱替能量一旦耗尽便无计可施，只能将油田报废。这些情况导致各种人工开采方法的发展，以便从储集岩的孔隙空间里驱替出更多的石油。应用人工开采技术从储集岩中驱替石油被称为“二次采油”。 把储集岩里的石油驱替出来的最简单方法是用另一种流体直接进行驱替。驱替流体必须比从孔隙中驱替出的石油便宜得多。最自然不过的做法是用水或天然气作为置换介质去效仿一次采油的机理。 A time may come in the life of an oilfield when the natural pressure of the reservoir has declined to an extent where it is no longer sufficiently large to force the oil out of the pores of the rock into the bottom of well. In the early days of the industry, the operator depended entirely on primary production mechanisms and, once their energy had been exhausted, he had little altemative but to abandon the field. These affairs led to the development of artificial means of forcing more oil out of the pore spaces of the reservoir rock. The oil which is forced out of the reservoir rock as a result of the application of an artificial technique is known as“secondary oil recovery” The simplest method of forcing the oil out of the reservoir rock is by direct displacement with another fluid. The displacing fluids must be appreciably cheaper than the oil which they force out of the pores. And what could be more natural than any others is to imitate the primary production mechanisms by using water or gas as the displacing medium. 许多国家提供石油勘探开发的机会，经济风险也伴随着国际经营的增加而增加。每个国家除了石油勘探开发中常见的风险之外，还有各自不同的一系列风险。公司管理者应该了解和明白这些额外风险，并评价其对公司在国际市场上盈利的影响是很重要的。 Many countries offer opportunities for petroleum exploration and production. With intemational operations, there are mcreased economic risks. Each country has its own set of risks to address in addition to the normal risks inherent in petroleum exploration and production.It is important for company management to know and understand these additional risks and to assess their impact on the companys ability to earn a profit in the global market. 与页岩气不同，大部分煤层只产生干气，即甲烷。因此煤层气和页岩气相比有较低的热值。煤层的渗透率通常比页岩高，因为不论是天然或人工，煤层都更容易断裂。这样一来，煤层气井通常有更高的流动速率，因此有利于调整地面压力和管道运输。控制煤层甲烷生产潜力的参数包括：煤阶、灰分含量、显微组分类型、基质孔隙度、裂缝孔隙度、压力和含水量。 Unlike shale gas, most coals only produce dry gas, methane. The coal-bed gases thus have a lower calorific value than shale gas. Coal beds normally have higher permeabilities than shales, because they more easily fracture, either naturally or artificially. Thus coal-bed methane wells normally have higher flow rates and may therefore justify surface pressuring and pipeline transportation. The parameters that control the methane-generating potential of a coal include its rank, ash content, maceral type, matrix porosity, fracture porosity, pressure, and water content. 虽然储油层被描述为具有一定孔隙度和渗透率的多孔介质，但它几乎不是性质稳定的均质岩层。通常情况下，储层中有很多物性变化范围很大的地层。储层物性的变化对储层内流体的流动有着深远的影响，从而也影响着原油的采收率。 Although oil reservoirs are characterized as porous media with certain porosity and permeability, they are almost never homogeneous beds with constant properties. Generally, there are numerous strata with wide-ranging properties. The properties variation can have a profound effect on the flow of fluids in a reservoir and thereby influence oil recovery. 在气田开发的初期和中期，井口压力一般都高于集气管网内的压力。而在气田开采的后期，气井产率和压力都会降低，天然气不能靠自身压力进入集气管网，于是就要通过压缩机进行增压。由气轮机提供动力的往复式压缩机可广泛安装在井场或集气站。 In the initial and middle periods of gas development, well head pressure is usually higher than that pressure inside the gathering pipe networks, but at the final period of development, the production rate and pressure of gas well will be reduced, and the gases can not flow into pipe networks by itself, and need to be boosted by compressors. The reciprocating compressors powered by gas turbine engine can be used widely at well site or gathering station.每个工厂都应有几处安全淋浴器和洗眼台。职工在可能接触到胺液、腐蚀性以及其它化学物品时需要用到这些设施。安全淋浴器应该安装在可能泄漏点附近，且容易到达的地方。接触到这些物品的受害者的视力可能受到影响，安全淋浴器和洗眼台必须清楚地做出标记。 There should be several safety showers and eye wash stations located throughout each plant. These are needed due to possible exposure of personnel to amine, caustic and other chemical agents. Safety showers should be located in easily accessible areas near potential exposure points. The safety showers and eye wash stations must be clearly marked since the vision of an exposure victim may be affected. 智能井技术有希望在实时油藏描述和生产管理方面取得相似的技术突破，从而大幅度增加油气资产价值。工业界已经开始共同发布智能井接口标准。以便改善通信和相互操作性，实现数据和设备的互交换，共享数据的相同油藏，实现产量最大化。 智能井系统数据的演变与地震资料库相似。人们采集地震数据的能力要远早于理解这些数据的能力。三维地震最终被证明是上游油气工业最重要也是最有价值的一项技术突破。 Intelligent well technology holds the promise for similar breakthroughs in real-time reservoir characterization and production management that will lead to significant increases in asset value. The industry has come together to begin issuing intelligent well interface standards. Recommendations are being published to improve communication and interoperability, so equipment and data can be inter-changed, and producers who share common reservoirs can maximize production The situation with regard to intelligent well systems data evolution is comparable to that of seismic libraries. The ability to acquire seismic data was in place long before the ability to make sense of it. Ultimately, 3D seismic proved to be one of the most important and valuable technological breakthroughs in the upstream petroleum industry. 在石油工业中钻井费用是主要的作业费用之一。提高钻井作业的钻进速度和减少诸如压差卡钻和泥浆漏失等钻井问题，长期以来被认为是降低钻井费用的有效方法。通常认为，过平衡压力是影响钻进速度的诸多因素中最重要的因素，它通常被定义为井筒压力与地层流体压力之间的压力差。如果地层压力低于静水压力则需要较低比重钻井液，如将空气与液体一起泵入来降低过平衡压力，从而加快钻进速度，尽量减少泥浆漏失、卡钻以及地层伤害。因此用空气或天然气作为循环介质取代常规泥浆的充气泥浆钻井，在有些地区正变成有吸引力的钻井方式，充气泥浆钻井的商业应用在最近几年才刚开始，用于欠平衡钻井的低密度钻井液包括空气、液体喷雾、稳定的泡沫和有回压条件的