南农英国文学鉴赏考试复习重点.doc

1. Sonnet 18(B1,P118) （theme：It talks about the poets faith in the permanence of poetry.The message is that in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry. Transiency of time is also the themes of Sonnet 18. Content: On the surface, the poem is a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman. The beloveds eternal summer shall not fade precisely because it is embodied in the sonnet. To him, her beauty must be like the eternal summer, but he does not want it to fade with time. Thus the best way to preserve her beauty is to keep it in this poem. The final couplet explains that the beloveds eternal summer will continue as long as there are people alive to read this sonnet. Comments: Actually, the writer wanted to express his view that art can keep the beauty forever. Art not only can make people enjoy the beauty by reading it, but also be a beauty itself. Natural beauty would be knocked out with the passing of the time. Only the art brings the eternity. For the speaker, love transcends nature. The poets love is so powerful that even death is unable to curtail(减少) it. The speakers love lives on for future generations to admire through the power of the written word-through the sonnet itself. Figures of Speech: Rhetorical questioning: the 1st line, to used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audience; Metaphor: Shakespeare opens the poem with a metaphor, comparing the woman he loves to all of the best characteristics of a summers day and she is far more beautiful and even tempered than the most desirable summer weather; Personification: It is worth mentioning Shakespeares use of personification here. He gives the sun an eye, a human attribute, and in the next line, a complexion. Parallelism: The final couplet, used to emphasize the message: the beauty of the subject will be immortalized by the power of his art.）2. Sonnet 29(B1,P119) (theme: The theme of Sonnet 29 is to show the importance of love which can overpower the feelings of self-hate. Content: it starts with the speaker talking about how much he dislikes his life. The speaker sites many examples of why this is how he feels. Then the speaker talks about how he by change thinks about his love and it lifts his spirits. The whole poem expresses the changes of the authors inner feelings,which are from disappoint to hopeful,from negative to positive ,from desperate to affectionate ,from self-abased to confident. Figures of Speech: Metaphors: It were used in lines 10-12. In these lines, he compares his love to the lark who sings songs to the heavens. Shakespeare uses this metaphor because he wants to show the reader how happy the thought of his true love makes him feel. Symbolizes: In the first three lines, he symbolizes that he is jealous of everything in society. He uses symbolism here because he wants the reader to know that the speaker feels like an outcast compared to the rest of society. Symbolism：In the eleventh line, the symbolism is that the speaker is describing his lover as a lark. He uses this symbolism because he is portraying that his lover is as lovely as a songbird singing to the heavens. Personification: It can be found in line 3. Shakespeare is giving Heaven human like characteristics, such as the ability to hear. He includes this in his sonnet because this adds to the lonesomeness the speaker is feeling, since even God will not answer his wishes. Repetition: like him and mans in lines 6 and 7, This emphasizes that he wants to me like the other men other than remaining like himself Alliteration(头韵): think, thee, then in line 11 Rhyme: follows pattern: abab cdcd ebeb ff, ex. state, fate, gate and brings, kings The use of rhyme is very common in sonnets.)Sonnet106过往世代的记载里常常见到，前人把最俊俏人物描摹尽致， 美貌如何使古老的诗句也美妙，配得上歌颂美女和风流骑士，看人家夸赞美貌是怎样的无比，什么手，什么脚，什么嘴，什么眼，什么眉，我总是看出来他们古雅的手笔 差不多恰好表现了你的秀美。 所以他们的赞词都无非是预言 我们这时代，都把你预先描画； 他们却只用猜度的眼睛来观看， 还不够有本领歌唱你的真价：我们呢，亲眼看到了今天的风光，眼睛会惊讶，舌头却不会颂扬。Hamlet生存，还是毁灭？这问题需要思考确切 究竟怎样才能算崇高人杰 是坚忍坎苛命运的摧残拖拽 还是对烦恼之生绝然不屑 勇敢地将一切了结? 毁灭，一切都可以长眠、如果将不再与所有的痛楚比肩、那怎能不是快活成仙、长眠，如果能结束受伤心灵的苟延、回避一切人生苦痛之虔、那会胜过任何梦昧以求的凯旋去毁灭，长眠! 可长眠中会有什么样的幽梦? 这正是选择死亡的桎绊之恸、即使身躯舍弃了尘世万众、长眠却伴随未尽梦魇的折磨苦痛、这不能不使人步履踌躇、依然沉浸在苦难之中、不然谁甘心承受命运的鞭斥嘲弄、忍耐暴政骄奢侮蔑，失恋的苦衷、典法的傲慢，贪官暴敛一空、让庸庸自辱将自己不断欺哄? 如果，一切都可以一刀了之、谁还会与牛马一样的残生相厮、那死后的无奈，满目疮痍 彼境无可知晓，从来没有归期、还是继续忍受烦忧不堪、不踏进彼境的苦难迷离？这重重顾虑使我们全都受到嘲嗤、让果敢的本色蒙上畏惧妖魑、一切雄伟大业，就此陷进丛蓍、因为这慘白懦弱的思虑、丧失了行动能力现在我需要轻声低语、天使奥菲丽娅! 你象女神一样美丽、祈祷时请替我忏悔这复仇火焰的肆虐London我走过每条独占的街道，徘徊在独占的泰晤士河边，我看见每个过往的行人，有一张衰弱、痛苦的脸。每个人的每升呼喊，每个婴孩害怕的号叫，每句话，每条禁令，都响着心灵铸成的镣铐。多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫，震惊了一座座熏黑的教堂，不幸兵士的长叹，化成鲜血流下了宫墙。最怕是深夜的街头 又听年轻妓女的诅咒！它骇注了初生儿的眼泪，又用瘟疫摧残了婚礼丧车11. The Tiger(B1,P288) (Theme:humans are incapable of fully understanding the mind of God and the mystery of his handiwork.But considering the social background of this poem, It could destroy the old system and establish a new one. Content: This poem begins with the author presents a series of questions that embodies the central problem: Who created the tiger? Or was it Satan? Blake presents his question in Lines 3 and 4: What immortal hand or eye/ Could frame thy fearful symmetry? However, to express his bewilderment that the God who created the gentle lamb also created the terrifying tiger, he includes Satan as a possible creator while raising his rhetorical questions, the one he asks in Lines 5 and 6: In what distant deeps or skies/Burnt the fire of thy eyes? Figures of speech: Symbolism:The tiger is symbolic of the revolutionary forces:the French people in the French Revolution to which Blake was a supporter and it can also symbolizes evil, or the incarnation of evil.And that the lamb represents goodness, or Christ. Metaphor&alliteration:In Lines 3 and 4the author uses alliteration and metaphor to make comparison the tiger and his eyes to fire. Symbol&Allusion:In Lines 5 and 6: In what distant deeps or skies/Burnt the fire of thy eyes? In these sentences, “Deeps” appears to refer to hell and “skies” refer to heaven which is the expression of symbol and Allusion. Comments:It is said that human souls have two sides: a good side, and an evil side.The Lamb and The Tyger, by William Blake, are both poems of deep meaning. They seem to explain both sides of human nature: the light and the dark, the yin and the yang, the good and the evil. They can also represent the transition from a child to an adult or even Heaven and Hell. The Lamb is a poem that is referring to the good side of the human soul, while The Tyger is referring to the dark side. The lamb brings to mind innocence,purity,children,or Jesus; the tiger brings to mind viciousness, cunning, danger, or death. )6. Songs of Innocence-The Chimney Sweeper (Theme: This poem protest the living working and conditions, and the overall treatment of young chimney sweepers in the cities of England; also it expresses sympathy for these young chimney sweepers. Content:The first stanza tells the narrators life story: abandoned by parents, working in the dark chimney and sleeping in dark, dirty soot. Probably its the reflection of all the little chimney sweepers life story. In the third line, the cry weep! weep! weep! weep! is actually the childs attempt at saying Sweep! Sweep! Sweep!, which was the chimney sweepers street cry. The poem goes on to talk about Tom Dacre, one of the narrators fellows in the second and third stanzas. The second stanza introduces Tom Dacre, who acts as a foil to the speaker. Tom is upset about his lot in life, then the narrator comforts little Tom, shaving his curl white hair and getting bare, so that he neednt worry that his hair would get spoiled until Tom falls asleep. Here Toms family name Dacre is a homophone for the word dark. In next three stanzas, the poem describes Toms dream. He dreams of an angel opening the coffins and freeing the sweepers. It shows the freeing of Tom and other sweeps from the oppressive lifestyle.When the angel tells Tom that if hed be a good boy, Hed have God for his father and never want joy, he gives Tom hope that if he is good and does his job, God will be his father and bless him in the next life. Figures of Speech:symbolism,irony)7. Songs of Experience-The Chimney Sweeper(B1，P289) (Theme: This poem protest the living working and conditions, and the overall treatment of young chimney sweepers in the cities of England; also it expresses sympathy for these young chimney sweepers. Content: In the first two lines, Blake gives us an image of an anguished child in a state of agony. In the second stanza, the child is pictured in a very more happier and playful mood. This soon changes when he decides to tell the stranger more about his parents. They are showed to be punishing their child for being so happy by clothing in clothes of death and teaching him to sing notes of woe. It is very obvious the sweepers feels hate towards his parents for putting him in such sadness, but instead he chooses to hide it by making himself look happy and satisfied. It is clear in the last Stanza that Blakes criticizing the Church, especially, and the state for letting a lot of these things happen. During this time many children were dying from being, either, worked to death or from malnutrition. Neither the state or the church did anything to stop this and is obviously why Blake feels so much anger towards them. The sweepers parents are really no help towards their own child. This makes the reader wonder, if they are worshiping god, the source of good doings, why do they chose to ignore their own child. They would rather turn their heads the other way and instead find love at church.Figures of speech: partial tone:The cry weep! weep! is actually the childs attempt at saying Sweep! Sweep! ,which was the chimney sweepers direct cry. The use of the partial tone creates an ironic effect. It makes readers feel that the chimney children are weeping for their living and working conditions. symbolism, Contrast:In the first two lines, the color black seems to be very important because it is used to represent sin against innocence, the color of the white snow.)A red red rose啊，我爱人象一朵红红的玫瑰，它在六月里初开；啊，我爱人象一支乐曲,它美妙地演奏起来。/你是那么漂亮，美丽的姑娘，我爱你是那么深切；我会一直爱你，亲爱的，一直到四海枯竭。/一直到四海枯竭，亲爱的，到太阳把岩石烧化；我会一直爱你，亲爱的，只要生命之流不绝。/再见吧，我唯一的爱人，让我和你小别片刻；我会回来的，亲爱的，即使我们万里相隔。/Theme:The theme of Burnss poem is, yes, about love. Burns uses two metaphors to define his love for the lady of his affections- both a rose, and a melody sweetly playd in tune. It seems as though hes leaving for a period of time, and this is a farewell poem to his lass. However, before he leaves, he is declaring his undying devotion, saying that the oceans will dry up before his love for her runs out. A simple, yet classic love poem.|“A Red, Red Rose” is one of his famous songs that Robert Burns wrote in the “ballad meter”. In this song, he expressed his deep love towards his lover Jean Armour. Beginning with a quatrain containing two similes, the poet shows the beauty of his lover with happy, proud tone. He compares his lover to a red rose that newly spring in June and thinks she has graceful voice which is like a wonderful blend of sweet music. Here, “a red, red rose”, a lively imagery, signifies his lovers full of youthful energy and vitality. “Sweet melody” further emphasizes the harmony, perfect of her body and even her character. The second and third stanza, with a cracking pace, express the poets blazing love. “Till the seas gang dry and the rocks melt the sun”. Used to liken faithful love, this sentence is too wonderful for words. Its easy to find that poetic imagery has immediately changed, no longer a red rose or a moving piece, but a newer, wider and deeper mood. It has become extensive ocean, solid rock and scorching sun. Although some words are repeated, it doesnt look lengthy at all, but looks more sincere, showing deep love. In addition, the poet use the rhetorical device of incremental repetition to emphasis and musicality and it also help to subtend the poets unforgettable love. The final stanza shows his farewell to his lover again and a promise of return. “I will come again though it was ten thousand mile”. Exaggerated words convey the poets infinitely affectionate feelings. Regardless of imagery, structure, or words, they all appear to be natural and elegant. The folk verse also doubles its sense of music. Profuse love runs through the whole poem. The entire universe can change and be destroyed, but only love can last forever.She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在白鸽泉水的旁边， 无人来往的路径通往四面； 一位姑娘不曾受人称赞， 也不曾受过别人的爱怜。 苔藓石旁的一株紫罗兰， 半藏着没有被人看见！ 美丽得如同天上的星点， 一颗唯一的星清辉闪闪。 她生无人知，死也无人唁， 不知何时去了人间； 但她安睡在墓中，哦可怜， 对于我呵是个地异天变！This poem was written by William Wordsworth in 1798 who was well known as one of the lake poets. This poem used 3 stanza(each stanza with 4 sentences) to describe a woman who lived far away from the human beings near the source of the River Dove. In the very first beginning stanza, it described an desolate and isolated area where this woman lived. While her purity and beauty was discussed in the middle stanza. The last stanza talked about the womans death and loneliness with no notice except the poet. The theme of this poem is to celebrate the beauty and dignity of the woman who lived along with the nature. The rhyme of this poem is mixed with iambic tetrameter and iambic trimester. The rhyme scheme of this poem is a, b, a, b. The language of this poem is simple and vivid. The first stanza used the isolated environment to contrast the womans loneliness just as the unnoticed Dove River. The second stanza regarded the womans beauty as a violet and a star, here is simile.I Travelled Among Unknown Men曾在陌生人中间作客，在那遥远的海外；英格兰！那时，我才懂得, 我对你多么挚爱。/终于过去了，那忧伤的梦境！我再不离开你远游；我心中对你的一片真情,时间愈久煜深厚。/在你的山岳中，我终于获得,向往已久的安恬；我心爱的人儿摇着纺车，坐在英国的炉边。/你晨光展现的你夜幕遮掩的,是露西游憩的林园；露西，她最后一眼望见的,是你那青碧的草原。/我曾在陌生人中间作客是露西组诗中的一首，作者是湖畔派诗人华兹华斯。 华兹华斯诗才最旺盛的时期是1797至1807年的十年，而这首诗创作于1799年，被收录于1800年再版的抒情歌谣集。 这首诗是采用民谣体创作的经典之作，浪漫主义产生了一定的促进作用。它的主题是诗人对露西和对祖国英格兰深深爱恋，意境凄美，感情真挚自然。 从韵律上看，这首诗的前三个诗节压的是行尾交叉韵（单数诗句四音部抑扬格，双数诗句三音部抑扬格交替转换），最后一诗节韵式为成对韵。 第一诗节中的“我曾在陌生人中间作客，在那遥远的海外”显然和作者不久前的经历相吻合1798年9月至1799年春，华兹华斯和胞妹多萝西在德国小住。其实德国和英国距离不算太远，他们的逗留时间并不太长，但对于诗人来说这是一段漫长的时光，这一段经历让他对在祖国的生活无比怀恋，因此创作了这首诗。第二诗节中“那忧伤的梦境”指的是诗人流落他乡时的惆怅，这句诗起到承上启下的作用，引出后面诗人表明自己不再会离开英格兰的决心以及对祖国的爱恋。 第三诗节中“我心爱的人儿”是指露西，“摇着纺车”是诗人的一种想象，因为露西已经死了。露西之死可以从诗的最后一句中“露西，她最后一眼望见的”可以看出，露西组诗的另外几首也可以作为旁证。露西死了，但是露西永远活在诗人心中，虽死犹生。“我心爱的人儿”有没有可能是指多萝西呢？从现实来看，多萝西与诗人相伴一生，在诗人身边摇着纺车就是写实了。我认为真正“摇着纺车”的人也许是多萝西，但诗人在那一瞬间把露西和多萝西视为一体，才会写下这样的诗句。露西是完美的，她死了，是因为现实中不存在这样完美的人。如果“心爱的人儿”指多萝西，这首诗的意境就会大大下降；而诗人在恍惚间把多萝西当成了露西，似乎是一个比较合理的解释。14. I wandered Lonely as a Cloud(B2, P19) (theme: It is about the great influence of nature upon human being.The poet fully appreciated the cheerful sight of the dancing daffodils and get rid of