英汉翻译实务大纲.doc

“英汉翻译实务”课程大纲(English-Chinese Translating in Practice: Syllabus)“英汉翻译（实务）”是为一年级口笔译硕士生开设的一门基础技能课程，笔译方向学员必修，时间为一学期。学分数及学时数学分：2学时：32（21课内学时 + 3辅导学时 晚间6:30-9:30 TA辅导 + 8课外自学学时）课程目标开设此课程的目的在于使学员熟悉英汉笔译的过程，形成正确的翻译观，并培养学员从事英汉笔头翻译的实际能力。学完此课程成绩合格的学员将能够： 理解翻译基本原理，掌握英汉复杂词语、长句及各种文体语言的分析与理解技巧，掌握译文生成的基本技能； 深化对英汉两种语言的了解，能从词义、语法形式、句子结构、篇章结构、习惯表达方式、修辞手段等方面把握两种语言的异同，并对文化差异形成较强的敏感性，能够较好地处理原文中具有民族文化特色的语言成分； 有健全的术语意识，能敏锐辨识和准确翻译原文中的术语； 掌握本地和在线参考工具的使用，并能在翻译实践中正确加以利用； 将中等难度的英语文本译成汉语，做到原文理解准确完整，译文表达规范，术语使用正确，篇章结构自然连贯；速度为每小时300-500个英文单词。教学方式课堂教学围绕英汉翻译过程中各工作阶段的重点与难点问题展开。教师通过专题讲授、分析典型案例、布置学员实时完成相关练习并随堂讲解等方式，使学员理解并掌握解决这些问题的原则与方法，力争达到原理与实务相结合、学员基本上能够及时消化所学内容的效果。讲授专题的选择与安排根据实际翻译过程（原文分析、译文生成与校改）中译者须面对的各种典型问题及这些问题出现的相对顺序，并参考学习者的认知规律确定。在教学过程中，教师可视时间许可组织课堂讨论或辅导，鼓励学员深入思考课程学习中遇到的问题，探究具体翻译方法后面的原理，达到知其然，也知其所以然的境界。为使学员真正掌握英汉翻译的基本原理，教师可适当打通英汉与汉英翻译的教学，将英汉与汉英翻译的共同规律结合在一起讲解。教学中应特别注意培养学员深刻理解英汉两种语言在句子和段落结构层面上表现出的不同的逻辑思维方式，增强他们用汉语遣词造句和建构篇章的能力。教学形式应注意多样化，教学过程中可适当安排自学与实习活动。培养学员搜寻与使用参考工具解决翻译中的问题的能力也应是本课程的重要教学环节之一。课程使用以下两种类型的翻译练习材料：(1) 与专题讲授内容配套的练习（当堂完成）；(2) 不同学科领域的短篇文本翻译（课后完成）。教师批阅课后作业后应适时讲评，对照参考译文和作业中的佳译，对学员在课后练习中出现的典型错误进行分析，使学员获得启发，认识到自己译文的不足，逐步提高自己的翻译能力为缩小翻译专业学员与职业译员之间的差距，教师还应注意结合课堂与课后的翻译实践，培养学员严谨的工作作风与责任感，杜绝不求甚解、望文生义、靠猜测与臆断做翻译，甚至胡编乱造的做法，培养学员负责任地独立完成翻译与编校工作的意识与能力。教学单元主题（21课内学时 + 3辅导学时 = 24课内学时）第1单元：课程介绍翻译的基本概念和类型翻译的语义学基础 (1) 第2单元：翻译的语义学基础 (2)翻译标准第3单元：原文分析：影响原文理解的语内因素第4单元：辅导课第5单元：翻译参考工具的使用第6单元：译文生成：语序译文生成：被动结构与主语选择译文生成：句子的分与合第7单元：译文生成：补偿手段第8单元：专名与术语校改* 单元主题视具体情况可有所增减。第一单元：课程介绍；翻译的基本概念和类型第二单元：翻译工作对译者素质与能力的要求第三单元：翻译的语义学基础第四单元：翻译标准第五单元：原文分析：影响原文理解的语内因素 (1)第六单元：原文分析：影响原文理解的语内因素 (2)第七单元：原文分析：影响原文理解的语外因素第八单元：翻译参考工具的使用第九单元：译文生成：语序第十单元：译文生成：被动结构与主语选择第十一单元：译文生成：句子的分与合第十二单元：译文生成：补偿手段 (1)第十三单元：译文生成：补偿手段 (2)第十四单元：专名与术语第十五单元：数字第十六单元：校改第十七单元：(机动)课外自学任务（2课外学时 x 4 = 8课外学时）自学任务1 (第1月)研读：(1) What Makes a Good Translator?.(2) Meaning in Translation.自学任务2 (第2月)原文与译文比较研究.自学任务3 (第3月)用参考工具解决翻译中的难题.自学任务4 (第4月)研读：(1) Numerical Expressions.(2) 中华人民共和国国家标准 GB/T 19363.1-2003(翻译服务规范 Specification for Translation Service).(3) 中华人民共和国国家标准 GB/T 19682-2005(翻译服务译文质量要求 Target Text Quality Requirements for Translation Services).课外练习1 What Are Transgenic Plants and Animals?Transgenic plants and animals result from genetic engineering experiments in which genetic material is moved from one organism to another, so that the latter will exhibit a characteristic. Business corporations, scientists, and farmers hope that transgenic techniques will allow more cost-effective and precise plants and animals with desirable characteristics that are not available using up to date breeding technology. Transgenic techniques allow genetic material to be transferred between completely unrelated organisms.In order for a transgenic technique to work, the genetic engineer must first construct a transgene, which is the gene to be introduced plus a control sequence. When making a transgene, scientists usually substitute the original promoter sequence with one that will be active in the correct tissues of the recipient plant or animal.The creation of transgenic animals is one of the most dramatic advances derived from recombinant DNA technology. A transgenic animal results from insertion of a foreign gene into an embryo. The foreign gene becomes a permanent part of the host animals genetic material. As the embryo develops, the foreign gene may be present in many cells of the body, including the germ cells of the testis or the ovary. If the transgenic animal is fertile, the inserted foreign gene (transgene) will be inherited by future progeny. Thus, a transgenic animal, once created, can persist into future generations. Transgenic animals are different from animals in which foreign cells or foreign organs have been engrafted. The progeny of engrafted animals do not inherit the experimental change. The progeny of transgenic animals do.The techniques for creating a transgenic animal include the following: 1) picking a foreign gene, 2) placing the foreign gene in a suitable form called a “construct” which guides the insertion of the foreign gene into the animal genome and encourages its expression, and 3) injecting the construct into a single fertilized egg or at the very early embryo stage of the host animal. Much genetic engineering goes into the choice of a foreign gene and building a construct. The construct must have promotes to turn on foreign gene expression at its new site within the host animal genome. By choosing a particular promoter and splicing it in front of the foreign gene, we can encourage expression of our transgene within a specific tissue.One of the most important applications of transgenic animals is the development of new animal models of human disease. Transgenic animals can serve as models for many malignant tumors. Although mice have been the most frequent hosts for transgenic modification, other domestic animals have also been used. One idea has been to create transgenic cows which secrete important pharmaceutical substances in their milk. “Other attempts are being made to express human interferon in the milk of sheep”.A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: transgenic Bt corn, for example, which produces its own insecticide, contains a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops although in reality all crops have been genetically modified from their original wild state by domestication, selection and controlled breeding over long periods of time.A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible.Depending on where and for what purpose the plant is grown, desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought.Combining the best genes in one plant is a long and difficult process, especially as traditional plant has been limited to artificially crossing plants within the same species or with closely related species to bring different genes together.For example, a gene for protein in soybean could not be transferred to a completely different crop such as corn using traditional techniques.Transgenic technology enables plant breeders to bring together in one plant useful genes from a wide range of living sources, not just from within the crop species or from closely related plants.This technology provides the means for identifying and isolating genes controlling specific characteristics in one kind of organism, and for moving copies of those genes into another quite different organism, which will then also have those characteristics.This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what they have always done generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes but it expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross-pollination and selection techniques.Overall, the use of transgenic technology has many advantages over traditional methods. Transgenic breeding is said to be more specific, faster, and less costly. Right now research is limited traits involving one or a few genes. Before scientists can manipulate complex traits, there is going to be the need for many years of research.2 How Richard Branson Works MagicRichard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, has parlayed a lifelong disdain for conventional business wisdom into a $3.5 billion international conglomerate and one of the worlds most powerful and recognizable brands. Under the ubiquitous Virgin banner, Mr. Branson has ventured into a panoply of businesses from condoms to wedding gowns, from airlines to financial services and in the process has taken on entrenched giants and wrested market share from them.All the while, the flamboyant and irreverent Mr. Branson has tweaked the business establishment, particularly in Britain, and displayed a good command of publicity and showmanship to gain priceless cachet for the Virgin brand. He has been, for much of the past 30 years, one of the most admired Britons, and his fame has spread in recent years around the globe as Virgin has expanded its reach and its luster.Mr. Branson loves nothing more than a daunting challenge; he views the impossible as just another business opportunity.His trademark is outlandish publicity stunts. He will do almost anything to promote the Virgin brand: driving a tank down Fifth Avenue in New York to introduce Virgin Cola to the United States, risking his life in high-profile hot-air balloon adventures or portraying a drowning victim on televisions “Baywatch.” But Mr. Branson stands for more than balloon trips and powerboat races across the Atlantic. Behind the brash and insouciant huckster, there lies a sharp business visionary who has created a formula for success that is rife with lessons for chief executives in any country and any business. Mr. Bransons success reflects an uncanny ability to take the consumers point of view as his own and find ways to embrace that view for profit. Despite his personal riches, Mr. Branson has retained an “everyman” persona marked by his casual dress, affable and modest manner, and devilish disrespect for convention. He understands viscerally the concerns and needs of his customers and his employees and acts as a conduit for fulfilling those needs. He has built the Virgin brand in his own image, and the result is an extremely positive emotional bond between consumers and companies that bear the Virgin label. It is brand-builders nirvana, made all the more impressive because the brand is all that ties together more than a hundred disparate Virgin businesses. There is little synergy or shared resources among the Virgin companies; Virgin, in fact, resembles the classic Japanese keiretsu such as a Yamaha or Mitsubishi.3 Spaceships of the FutureThe furthest we have been is the Moon. If we want to travel into deep space, beyond our own backyard, the Solar System, well need a new breed of spacecraft It may be the oldest clich in town, but in the not too distant future science fiction will turn into science fact. The fantastic spaceships of sci-fi comic books and novels will no longer be a figment of our creative imagination; they may be the real vision of our future.Engineers and designers are already designing craft capable of propelling us beyond Earths orbit, the Moon and the planets. Theyre designing interstellar spaceships capable of travel across the vast emptiness of deep space to distant stars and new planets in our unending quest to conquer and discover. Our Universe contains over a billion galaxies; star cities each with a hundred billion inhabitants. Around these stars must exist planets and perhaps life. The temptation to explore these new realms is too great.First things first well have to build either a giant orbiting launch platform, far bigger than the International Space Station (ISS), or a permanently manned lunar base to provide a springboard for the stars. Some planners feel we should limit ourselves to robotic probes, but others are firmly committed to sending humans. “Theres a debate right now about how to explore space” says astronaut Bill Shepherd, destined to be the first live-aboard Commander of the ISS. “Humans or machines I think theyre complementary”.The human problemSpace is the most hostile environment we will ever explore. Even a single five-hour spacewalk requires months of training, and a vast technical backup to keep it safe. The astronauts and cosmonauts who live aboard the ISS will be there for only a few weeks or months; if we want to travel into deep space it could take years. First well have to find out just how long the human body can survive in a weightless environment. In zero gravity, four pints of body fluid rush from the legs to the head where it stays for the duration of the mission. Astronauts often feel as if they have a permanent cold, and disorientation can become a major problem. In space theres no physical sensation to let you know when youre upside down and astronauts have to rely on visual clues from their surroundings. A few hours after reaching orbit, one in three of all astronauts will experience space sickness a feeling rather like carsickness. And weightless conditions lead to calcium being leached from the bones, and problems with the astronauts immune systems.Trillions of rocky fragments meteoroids roam our Solar System at speeds of up to 150,000 miles an hour. A meteoroid no bigger than a grain of salt could pierce a spaceship window. Protection from the extreme hazards of space is going to need some clever technology. Space is also full of lethal radiation X-rays, gamma rays and the high-speed particles called cosmic rays.Down here on Earth we are protected by the atmosphere and by our planets magnetic field, but in space long haul astronauts suffer gradual but irreversible radiation sickness unless they are carefully shielded. Commander Shepherd is confident the ISS will help us crack the problems “The ISS is going to answer a number of questions about long range exploration in space. A lot of things are going to be pioneered on the space station for future exploration”.Stepping stonesSaturn V is still the most powerful rocket ever built. But even this vast 3000 tonne giant carried only enough fuel to send a tiny manned capsule with just three men on a 250,000 mile journey a mere drop in the cosmic ocean. Its over a quarter of a century since the last man stood on the Moon (Commander Gene Cernan on the Apollo 17 mission in 1972), and it seems that it will be another quarter of a century before we return to build a permanently manned base there. Bob Forward who earns his living from designing spaceships of the future believes well have to find a cheap way of reaching the Moon before we think of living there. His slingshot concept may seem radical at the start of the 21st century, but it is certainly ingenious. “If you have something rotating quite fast around another thing on the end of a string, it has a tendency to fly away. You have to decide when to let go (from Earth-orbit) and like a trapeze artist catching his partner you have to decide when to catch the payload (in lunar orbit)”. A lunar base would become a viable stepping stone to deep space. In the 1990s, the Clementine and Lunar Prospector spacecraft detected frozen water below the lunar surface. This could be mined, melted and broken down to make liquid oxygen and hydrogen rocket fuel needed to blast off into deep space.But before we leave the Solar System on our interstellar quest we will have to conquer it. Mars will become our first target. Whether well reach it directly from Earth, from Earths orbit or from the Moon is anyones guess but Mars is far from being a barren desert like the Moon.Mars probably has plentiful supplies of frozen water below the surface and even has 24-hour days! Unfortunately the atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide, with just a fraction of the Earths atmospheric pressure and no protective ultraviolet layer. Martian astronauts will have to live in sealed modules, and wear spacesuits to venture outside. Mars would be a tiny colony, like the remote outposts of the early Earth explorers. Mars itself will probably never be a stepping stone to the stars, but it will help us learn if we can live in such a remote and harsh place for years or even a lifetime.Its only rocket scienceScientists are already experimenting with propulsion systems that may travel much faster than todays conventional chemical rockets. Franklin Changs plasma rocket may be the answer. “In a plasma rocket youre continually accelerating,” he explains.A trip to Mars could be cut to 90 days, claims Chang. His rocket harnesses a nuclear process to produce a hot gas plasma. The plasma is magnetically held in a rocket the shape of a bottle and then expelled at very high velocity to provide propulsion. The plasma has to be heated to millions of degrees. Chang believes his system will be too good just to reach Mars. “I think it will quickly be developed for interplanetary travel within our Solar System”. The plasma rocket is now under development at NASAs Houston laboratories.Another new method of propulsion is already flying through our Solar System. Pushed only by an electronically driven ion engine, Deep Space One is already over 100 million miles from Earth. It works by ionising xenon gas and expelling it with the aid of electric fields, so providing a gentle but constant thrust. The ion engine provides a force about the same as a single sheet of paper exerts on your hand far too weak to lift a spacecraft from the surface of a planet but the continuous acceleration has already pushed Deep Space One to a speed ten times higher than any of the manned rockets we use today.Interstellar travelTo leave the Solar System and carry humans to the stars we will have to find a way of travelling near to the speed of light. Even then a journey could take hundreds or thousands of years. Travelling at 1/10 the speed of light it would take over forty years to reach the nearest star, Alpha Centauri.One giant source of free energy is our Sun. Bob Forward has designed the solar sail, a craft that doesnt have to carry its own fuel supply. Its driven by the power of the Suns