计算机英语教案2014.doc

前言1. Why 2. What: Vocabulary: the keywords of computer and IT Reading & Understanding: ability of reading and understanding English textbook, papers, and English materials related with computer, with the aid of dictionary. Translating: abilities of translating English papers into Chinese with the aid of dictionary. Writing: abilities of writing outline, abstract, introduction after reading professional materials. Writing short papers related with computer.I suppose you have known the basic grammar.3. How Attend the class and following the textbook Self learning: practicing including reading professional materials in future study, writing papers, attending international conference, and so on.Suggestions: reading English version textbook, using English version software; browse English website and technical forum; try to record and review new words; English film;4. Evaluation Attend the class：5 Tests (several times): 5 Midterm homework：20, translate a short paper(about 4 pages) from English to Chinese Final test：70Unit 1 Computer and Computer ScienceSection A Computer OverviewI IntroductionA computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.注意定语从句、并列成分。 Electronic device：电子设备 Instruction：指令； instruction set Program：程序；programming编程、程序设计 Carry out：执行，实行；贯彻；实现；完成 Perform：执行；完成；演奏；执行，机器运转；表演。Performance：性能。 Calculation：calculate 计算 Manipulate：操纵；操作；（巧妙地）处理；篡改。类似的词：handle、deal with, process, Numerical analysis、numerical computing: 数值分析、数值计算 Information：信息 information technology：IT Q: Please give your own definition of the computer。A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. （from wiki） Come about：发生、产生 Except for：除了以外；要不是由于 The storage and handling of data：数据存储和处理 data：datum（单数） transaction：交易、事务处理 automation：自动化、automatic、auto- enhance：提高；加强；增加 construct：建造，构造；创立 universe：宇宙；世界；领域 conjecture：推测；猜想 database(s)：数据库 computer networks：计算机网络 invasion：入侵，侵略；侵袭；侵犯, intrusion detection system（IDS） privacy：隐私 privacy preservationII History adding machine：加法器 (add, subtract, multiply, divide) precursor：先驱；pre-this device employed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit form 0 to 9. 分词独立成分 digit：数字,数位,位；数字；数字（码位），数位；数位, digital, digital computer conceive：想出；构思；以为；持有 punched card/punch card：穿孔卡片 electrical contact：电触点 compile：编译，compilation，compilerReview: 电子设备、指令、指令集合、数值数据、数据的存储和处理、事务（处理）、自动化、数据库、计算机网络、数字计算机、穿孔卡片、编译。1. The analytical engine analytical engine：分析机， analyze， analysis；search engine work out：可以解决、设计出、作出、计算出、消耗完 principle：原理，principles of microcomputer conceive: 构思、认为、持有；设想、考虑 difference engine：差分机，differential：微分，微分的 handle/deal with/process/perform/carry out/ associate: 交往、结交；同事、伙伴；使发生联系、使联合；联合的，副的 input stream： input/output；file stream store：存储，商店；mill：碾磨、磨房，工厂 printer：permanent record，permanent/temporary fail to put this idea into practice: 没有把想法付诸实践2. Early computer analog/analogue computer vs digital computer evaluate：评价，估计，求值，evaluation course：过程, 经过, 进程, 方针, 路线, 跑道, 课程, 一道菜；追猎, 急行, 运行, 流动 electronic digital computer：电子数字计算机 incorporate: 合并，混合，组成公司；合并的，一体化的 vacuum tube：真空管 operational：操作的、运转的 cipher：密码；用密码书写；encipher：译成密码；code，encode prototype：原型机，样机 integrator：积分器，积分电路；integrate：成整体, 使一体化, 求.的积分，结合；integrated；calculus:微积分，integral：积分，differential：微分 patent：专利 processor：处理器，microprocessor，process， program storage：程序存储器 memory：内存；vs storage：外存，或者指二者，存储器 papertape reader：纸带阅读器 transistor：晶体管 versatile logical element：通用逻辑元件 second-generation computer：第二代计算机 integrated circuits，IC：集成电路 microprocessor，chip，microchip，microcomputer，minicomputer large-scale integrated circuit, LSI：大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit, VLSI：超大规模集成电路 to return：【插入语】，言归正传 switching：开关、转换、交换、配电、配单系统、整流 switch：开关、电闸；转换（n/v）；交换机 binary：二进制、decimal十进制、hex十六进制、hexadecimal十六进制、十六进制的、octal八进制的 ；bit、byte bit, byte, word cycle：周期、循环 graphics：图形，图形学 computer graphics symbol：符号、标识、象征 instruction set：指令集合。Q：Give a description of history of computer/ computers development from the historical point of view。review: 穿孔卡片、分析机、搜索引擎、输入流、模拟计算机、真空管、晶体管、集成电路、大规模集成电路、超大规模集成电路、内存、通用逻辑元件、微处理器、微芯片、二进制、计算机图形学III Hardware regardless of：不管、不顾、不注意 performance ：性能 microcomputer（desktop/laptop/notebook/palmtop）、workstation/server、minicomputer、mainframe、supercomputerIn computing, the term server is used to refer to one of the following: A computer program running as a service, to serve the needs or requests of other programs (referred to in this context as clients) which may or may not be running on the same computer. A physical computer dedicated to running one or more such services, to serve the needs of programs running on other computers on the same network. A software/hardware system (i.e. a software service running on a dedicated computer) such as a database server, file server, mail server, or print server. CPU：central processing unit 中央处理器 Input/output devices：peripheral devices/external devices：输入输出设备、外围设备 Memory storage devices：存储设备 Bus：总线。Q1: How many types of modern computers/ classify the modern computersQ2: What are the elements composing a computer system?。IV Programming specialized/dedicated computer：专用计算机 general-purpose computer：通用计算机 ROM: read-only memory; RAM: random access memory embedded system、embedded computer system：嵌入式 built-in：内置的，内部的 application program：应用程序V Future Developments microminiaturization：微小型化，超小型化 superconductivity：超导性 effort ：努力；尽力；成果 merit：优点，价值，功绩；值得，应得 AI: artificial intelligence：人工智能Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as the study and design of intelligent agents, where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. Parallel-processing computing: 并行处理计算， many chips to perform several different tasks at the same time.Parallel processing is the ability to carry out multiple operations or tasks simultaneously. The simultaneous use of more than one CPU or processor core to execute a program or multiple computational threads. Ideally, parallel processing makes programs run faster because there are more engines (CPUs or cores) running it. In practice, it is often difficult to divide a program in such a way that separate CPUs or cores can execute different portions without interfering with each other. With single-CPU, single-core computers, it is possible to perform parallel processing by connecting the computers in a network. However, this type of parallel processing requires very sophisticated software called distributed processing software. Distributed computing/Distributed and parallel computing/grid/cloud computing：分布式计算、分布式和并行计算、网格、云计算Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. neural network: 神经网络：mimics the architecture of the nervous system.Artificial neural networks are made up of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons). Architecture：体系结构 Networking：联网 Internet/computer networks/communication systemA computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide Cable：电缆。Some types of transmission media including twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, which are used in wire transmission. Others such as light and radio waves are used for wireless network ：双绞线、同轴电缆、光纤 Optical computer：光计算机 Pulse：脉冲。Q: talk about sth. about the future development of computer。Exercise II1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器 central processing unit14. 个人计算机 personal computer15. 模拟计算机 analogue computer16. 数字计算机 digital computer17. 通用计算机 general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片 processor chip19. 操作指令 operating instructions20. 输入设备 input deviceExercise IV Speech recognition: 语音识别 Virtual reality：虚拟现实：Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-simulated environment, whether that environment is a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic（有立体感的） displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Contribute to：捐献，有助于，促成，造就 interface：接口、界面 visual: 视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的; 形象的; 可视化 visualization; computer vision Organism：生物体，有机体 DNA：deoxyribonucleic oxid：脱氧核糖核核酸 Heredity：遗传 Platform：平台 Strictly：严格地, 确实地 Investigate：调查、审查、研究Review:微机、个人计算机、台式机、便携式计算机、掌上电脑、服务器、工作站、小型机、大型机、超级计算机、中央处理器、输入输出设备、总线、存储设备、通用计算机、专用计算机、嵌入式系统、应用程序、人工智能、并行处理计算、神经网络、分布式系统、语音识别、虚拟现实、接口、平台Section B What Is Computer ScienceI. IntroductionComputer Science is the study of the theory, experimentation, an engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computer.Computer science (abbreviated CS or CompSci) is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. Experimentation: 实验, 试验, 实验法 Engineering: 工程(学), 设计、制造：software engineering: 软件工程 Engineer: n. 工程师；工兵；火车司机, vt. 策划；设计；精明地处理,vi. 设计；建造 Programmable mechanical calculator：可编程的机械计算器 Distinguish: 区别, 辨别 Discipline: 纪律, 学科；训练。Q：How to define the discipline of Computer Science?Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS or compsci) designates the scientific and mathematical approach in information technology and computing.Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory, which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.。IIThe development of computer science Focus on：集中 Theory，theoretical model：理论模型 efficient/efficiency：有效率的、效率 numerical analysis：数值分析 accuracy and precision of calculation：计算的准确性和精确性 programming language：编程语言artificial language operating system：操作系统 interface：接口、界面 application：应用，应用程序，应用软件 explore：探险, 探测, 探究 thought：思考, 想法, 思想, 思潮, 关心, 关怀, 挂念 result in: 导致 explosion: 爆发, 发出, 爆炸, in an effort to: in order to努力的意思，为了 drive：驾车, 驱动器, 快车道, 推进力, 驱使, 动力, 干劲, 击球；driver：驱动程序 frontier：边界；边境，新领域 pioneer：开拓；为开路；作先驱者 complex, reliable, powerful behave：举动, 举止, 运转，行为表现 become an increasingly integral part of: 日益成为基本组成部分 underlie：位于.之下, 成为.的基础 specific：详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的,IIITheory and experiment Engineer：工程师；设计，策划 Theory-driven：理论驱动 Software engineering：软件工程Review：软件工程、数值分析、编程语言、操作系统、接口、应用程序、驱动程序IV Major branches of computer science Software development：软件开发 Computer architecture: 计算机体系结构 Human-computer interfacing：人机接口 Artificial intelligence：人工智能1. Software development Programming language: 编程语言 Algorithm：算法：In mathematics, computer science, and related subjects, an algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem using a finite sequence of instructions. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and many other fields Retrieve: 检索, retrieval: 检索（名词） for the sake of : 为了 起见 feature：特征，characteristic，property facilitate：使容易, 使便利, 推动, 帮助, 使容易, 促进 reliable：可靠的，reliability：可靠性 robust：健壮的，robustness：健壮性 software life cycle：生命周期 specification（specs）：规格；规范 formal problem specification：形式化问题描述 progress：n. 进步，发展；前进 vi. 前进，进步；进行 testing：测试，Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders(利益相关者，利益关系) with information about the quality of the product or service under test. program maintenance: 程序维护 programming environment: 编程环境; IDE=integrated development environment: 集成开发环境/IDE = Integrated Device Electronics，集成设备电路2. Computer architecture computer architecture：In computer science, computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. Architect：建筑师, 设计师；缔造者；创造者 Image processing：图像处理 Signal processing：信号处理 Mechanical：机械的，mechanism：机制 Optimization：优化，optimize3. Artificial intelligence machine learning：机器学习。Machine learning is a scientific discipline that is concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases. A major focus of machine learning research is to automatically learn to recognize complex patterns and make intelligent decisions based on data. inference：推理。Inference is the process of drawing a conclusion by applying clues (of logic, statistics etc.) to observations or hypotheses; or by interpolating (插入) the next logical step in an intuited（直觉） pattern. cognition：认知 knowledge representation：知识表示 problem solving：问题解决 case-based reasoning：基于事例的推理 natural language understanding：自然语言理解 speech recognition：语音识别 computer vision：计算机视觉 artificial neural network：人工神经网络Review: 软件开发、计算机体系结构、人机接口、人工智能、软件生命周期、算法、形式化问题描述、程序实现、程序维护、测试、优化、机器学习、知识表示、自然语言理解、计算机视觉4. Robotics modeling: 建模 planning：规划，intelligent planning：智能规划 direct: vt. 管理；指挥；导演；指向 vi. 指导；指挥 mechanism：机械装置；机制；技巧；原理，途径；进程 sensor：传感器，sensor network feedback：反馈 adaptability：可适应性，adapt，adaptable5. Human-computer interfacing correspond to：对应 experimental evaluation：实验评价 effectiveness：有效性 three-dimensional: 3D visualization: 可视化，visual：看的, 视觉的, 形象的, 栩栩如生的，visualize：形象，形象化 Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams or animations to communicate a message.Questions：Simply describe the different branches of Computer Science. Which one are you interested in and Why.VConnection of computer science to other disciplinesl data structure：数据结构1. artificial neural network 人工神经网络2. computer architecture 计算机体系结构3. robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序4. human-computer interface 人机接口5. knowledge representation 知识表示6. 数值分析 numerical analysis7. 程序设计环境 programming environment8. 数据结构 data structure9. 存储和检索信息 store and retrieve information10. 虚拟现实 virtual realityReview: 计算机科学、软件工程、编程语言、操作系统、应用程序接口、软件开发、计算机体系结构、人机接口、人工智能、算法、可靠性、健壮性、软件生命周期、形式化问题描述、软件测试、程序维护、编程环境、图像处理、信号处理、优化、机器学习、知识表示、问题解决、自然语言理解、语音识别、计算机视觉、人工神经网络、传感器、可视化、数据结构计算机科学是.计算机科学包括四个分支：。Keywords of section C categories of computerl supercomputer、mainframe、minicomputer（personal computer，PC）、microcomputer、server、workstationl CPU：central processing unitl Form factor：规格l Image，imaging：图像、成像l Comptuer-aided design：计算机辅助设计l Three-dimensional and animated graphics：三维和动画图形l Videogame、video game：视频游戏l dedicated game device：专门游戏设备l add-on：附加设备、附加装置l client/server：客户/服务器l web pagel blade server、storage server：刀片服务器（blade server）是一种厚度很薄的模块电子电路板。电路板上有一个到两个（或更多）微处理器和内存。刀片服务器为单个应用程序提供专门的服务。多个刀片服务器能够重叠在一起，方便地插入支架内，充分节省空间。有的产品甚至可以把280个刀片服务器垂直插入多个支架或并排放入一个落地式贮存柜中。刀片服务器之间共享一条公用高速总线，使得设备的发热量降低，节省了能源成本。大型数据中心或互联网服务提供商（ISP）的网站服务器主机一般都采用刀片服务器。l configuration、configure：配置l computer-intensive：计算密集的l Molecular calculation, atmospheric model, climate research are all examples of projects that require massive numbers of data points to be manipulated, processed, and analyzed.分子计算、大气建模和气候研究都是需要控制、处理和分析大量数据（点）的项目（研究）。l Simulation：模拟、仿真l Handheld，handheld computer，handheld digital device：手持计算机、手持数字设备l Programmability：可编程性l Versatility：多用途、通用性l Custom，customize：风俗习惯；定制的；定制l PDA：personal digital assistant：个人数字大力l Touch-sensitive screen：触摸屏l Synchronize：同步；asynchronize：异步l Full-featured：全特征的l Scaled-down：按比例缩减的l Spreadsheet：电子表格l Messaging：消息接发、通信l Hard diskl Convergence：收敛l Microcontroller：微控制器l Embedded system：嵌入式系统l Be referred to asl Technicality：技术性细节l Dedicated application：专门应用l Wireless networks：无线网络l Web sites：web站点l Relay：中继、转发Unit 2 Computer ArchitectureSection A C