阅读理解专题训练--猜测词义.doc

阅读理解微技能阅读理解要求考生：1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;2.既要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念;3.既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等;4.既要理解某句、某段的意义，也要理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断;5.既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。常见的阅读理解题有：1.主旨大意题Main ideas2.推测判断题Inference & judgment3.细节类题型Details 4.猜测词义题Guess the meaning一 、阅读中遇到生词怎么办？做阅读理解题时，我们常常会遇到生词，需要我们学会在阅读过程中根据阅读材料所提供的背景知识、相关信息，综合理解、猜测或推断它们的意义。猜测词义所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据语境来判断。下面我们谈谈猜测词义的几种方法。(请写出所给句子划线单词的词义或选择最符合原句意思的答案）1. 利用构词法（合成、派生、转化等） 派生法包括在单词的前面加前缀，在单词的后面加后缀。单词加前缀会改变它的含义，是我们猜测词义时需要注意的。 常用的表示否定的前缀有：dis, in, mis, un, non 其它前缀还有：re 重复co共同，平等mini小over过度super超出pre前post后vice副的en使可能tele远程(1) With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.(2) After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the ot her fellows were overcharging passengers. (广东卷) _2. 利用上下文(1) The house was beginning to get cold, so Daisy pulled her red, woolen cardigan out of her bag and put it on. _(2) The whole family had experienced such a storm before and everyone remembered the damage it had caused to stock and crops. There was very little we could do about the crops. But we needed to protect the animals in case the river flooded again. My older brother called his sheep-dog and began driving our small flock of sheep to higher ground above river. If the river flooded，they should be safe there(06江西卷) The underlined word stock in the third paragraph refers to _. A. money owned by the family B. goods for sale C. supplies for family use D. farm animals 3. 利用定义或解释 定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由is, or, that is (to say), in other words, be called, be known as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示。(1) Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restlessly. _(2) He is prestidigitator, who entertained the children by pulling the rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire and other similar tricks.(3) The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.4. 利用同位语(1) Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1874 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father was an expert in phonetics, the study of the sounds of language. _(2) Semantics, the study of the meanings of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. _(3) But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought. _5. 根据举例猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。(1) Generally, we like to read periodicals, such as Time, Newsweek or Readers digest.(2) Today, young couples often spend lost of their money on household appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators, and Color Televisions. _6. 利用同义词，反义词关系 常连接同义词组的and ,or ,such as, like, for example, for instance(1) If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. _(2) Doctor believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. _7. 利用因果关系 常用关联词如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so, so that, such that, therefore等表示前因后果。(1) She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. (2) The museum is so immense that it is impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.(3) The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent and the player could never play the sport again. _8. 利用对比和转折关系 表转折关系的词常有如but, while, however, instead of, rather than, unlike, yet, otherwise, though, on the other hand，in spite of, on the contrary, in contrast等。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。(1) Although the early morning had been very cool, the noonday sun was tropical. _(2) Mr. Smith is always punctual for everything, but for some reason he was late for a meeting last week. _(3) Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1) roughly means _. A. encouraged B. compared C. examinedD. Developed9. 利用标点符号常见用来表示解释的标点符号有：“”，“（ ）” 和 “：”。(1) They will be on the night shift from midnight to 6 a. m. next week.(2) You should see prunes(which are dried plums) and raisins(which are dried grapes).(3) The little boy enjoys all kinds of beverages: water, milk, cola, coffee, juice and tea.10. 利用生活常识(1) In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. _(2) When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives him an anesthetic to make him unconscious, because he doesnt want his patient to know what is happening to him or feel pain. _技能练习1. The picture shows that the horizontal line are really parallel, that is to say, they are the same distance apart like railway line. _2. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water. _3. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. _4. Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones, however, we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve. _5. Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. _6. All things are interrelated and interact on each other. _7. Fish breathe in water with their gills. _8. Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brother is similarly loquacious. _9. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.10. Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal,usually the male, claims (声称) as its own.11. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today_12. The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarines(潜艇) to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged. _13. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. _14. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. By describing lions as “opportunists” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions _.A. are cruel animals B. are clever animalsC. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat15. And if youve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere, you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with-or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy. (全国) The underlined word “conflict” in the second letter means _. A. dependent life B. fierce fight C. bad manners D. painful feeling16. Throughout the history of the arts, the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists. No matter what objects they select, artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause changeto find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before. (重庆) The underlined word “poetry” most probably means _. A. an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poems C. an unusual quality D. a natural scene 17. They were no longer passively waiting for the bell, but actively took part in the lesson. I find that creativity (创新)can act as a way to increase participation and improve fluency. The underlined words “waiting for the bell” in this paragraph probably mean _.A. longing for a phone call B. hoping to have a bellC. expecting the end of the class D. wanting to speak in class18. However, men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the time. They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour-glasses, and invented water-clocks. Indeed, any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. The underlined phrase “stately homes” in paragraph 4 means_. A. state-owned houses B. houses in very good condition C. grand houses open to the public D. houses where statesmen meet regularly19.The schools are reluctant to take time offeven teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. (福建) The underlined word reluctant in the passage may probably mean _. A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. Careless20. A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests 21. When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a dark blue and white packageblue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm. (2004广东) The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” means that the colors _. A.attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customers C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest22. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year, equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. (福建) The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means _. A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out23. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷） According to the passage ,The Pines is a _ . Aplace in which you can see many mobile homes Bmountain where you can get a good view of the valley Ctown which happens to be near the Banff National Park Drestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food（三）猜测句意题（语义转换题）句意转述题就是重新解释题干中的句子。这类题的特点是：1、与文章主旨或段落主题密切相关；2、大多考查句子的寓意，而非字面含义；3、语言形式上有生词或习语，语法结构较复杂。 做题时，一定要注意：1、 依据文章主旨或段落主题来理解语句子含义。2、注意分析长句的句子结构，以免因错解句子结构而误解句子含义。【考例】Holiday makers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo .Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel, the worlds first igloo hotel. Built in a small town in Lapland, it has been attracting lots of visitors, but soon the fun will be over. In two weeks time B