某著名培训班 图表作文讲稿.doc

怎样写大学英语图表式作文 图表式作文是四六级考试中较难的一种作文类型（2002年6月的考试便是一例）。它要求考生根据图表所给出的信息，写出所要表达主题的作文。图表式作文最大的特点是所给的信息表达很集中，给人以一目了然之感。图表式作文一般可分三段来写：第一段描述出图表反映的总情况，用能充分说明主题的典型数据来描写。第二段对数字进行仔细的分析比较，归纳出增减速率并找出产生变化的原因。第三段写读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。请看实例： Changes in Peoples Diet:foodYear19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit and vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100% Changes in Peoples Diet一文是1991年6月份四级考试作文题。实际上从此文表格的提示中不难把握文章的内涵和范围。根据三段法写作的原则，第一段阐述近6年来人们饮食上变化的总况（包括哪些需求的降低或增加）。第二段是文章的重点，着重说明变化的原因。从归纳出的原因中反映出了人们现在在经济实力提高的前提下更加注意科学的营养。第三段则从个人的理解得出结论，展示人们饮食结构的变化所带来的益处和光明的前景，从而使主题思想更突出。 Changes in Peoples Diet As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in peoples diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily. Why were there changes in peoples diet? There were two major reasons, I think. First, people could afford to buy more expensive food with better nutrition. Second, people paid more attention to the quality of their diet, because they knew it was of great benefit to their health to eat in a scientific way. Therefore, they were trying their best to improve the structure of their food. From the above, we can see that peoples living standard improved markedly in the five years between 1986-1990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.Changes in Peoples Diet Diet is very important in peoples life . From 1987 to 1990. peoples diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meatincreased. What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards. With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in peoples diet.例2Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.The Average Family Expenses The average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly. The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.例3Health Gains in Developing Countries以下图为依据，描述发展中国家的期望寿命（life expectancy）和婴儿死亡率（infant mortality）的变化情况。说明引起变化的种种原因。Life Expectancy Years oldInfant Mortality deaths per 1,000 births25080200601504010020 50 0 0 1960 1990 1960 1990这是一个“两段式”图表作文。段1要求描述“期望寿命”和“婴儿死亡率”的变化情况。首先要看懂图表中数字间的相关意义。两个图表中两组数字间的关系是不同的。在“期望寿命”变化图中，横坐标的数字是时间（从1960到1990年），纵坐标的数字是期望寿命。从图中矩形图的变化情况可以看出，在30年里，发展中国家的“期望寿命”提高了20岁。在“婴儿死亡率”变化图中，横坐标还是表示时间（这就与左图有了可比性），而纵坐标的数字表示每1，000新生儿中的死亡率。从矩形图的变化趋势看，在30年里，发展中国家的“婴儿死亡率”从200降到了100。从上述对图表的观察，可以看出图表所反映的情况是，从1960到1990的30年中，发展中国家的“婴儿死亡率”下降了100个千分点，而“期望寿命”提高了20岁。那么发生这种变化的原因是什么呢？在段2中，要从社会的、经济的、文化的角度来分析各种可能的原因。因此，学生必须善于分析问题，思考问题，能够从现象中挖掘出问题的本质。如果平时在阅读中不注重分析能力的培养，课外阅读兴趣又十分狭窄，那么反映到作文上，就是思维简单，分析表面化。就“婴儿死亡率”和“期望寿命”而言，应该可以从以下几个方面寻找原因：社会的：经济发展，生活水平提高，人的寿命增加。科学的：医疗技术进步，婴儿的健康得到进一步保障。文化的：文明程度的提高，使人们更加注意生活质量。通过上述分析，这篇图表作文的“发展提纲”就可以写出来了： the changes of life expectancy and infant mortality:the change of life expectancy: it has risen by 20 years old.the change of infant mortality: it has decreased by 100. the reasons for the great changes:the social and economical development.the improvement of living conditions.the advancement of medical technology.the change of peoples ideas of life and health.范文：In the developing countries great changes took place in life expectancy and infant mortality in the period from 1960 to 1990. In 1960 life expectancy was very low, while infant mortality was very high. However, in 1990 life expectancy increased, whereas infant mortality declined.There are many reasons for the changes, but in general, they come down to three major ones. First, their living conditions were improved. In the old days people in the developing countries suffered hunger and were exposed to the elements. Nowadays they are well fed and housed. Naturally they live longer than before. Besides, the medical condition was also improved and so the adequate medical treatment ensures the adults health and reduces infant mortality. Most important of all, in the early 60s there were constant wars in some developing countries because of the colonial rule and so a lot of people were killed in wars. Nowadays most developing countries have become independent countries and their people live a peaceful life.In conclusion, the national independence and social stability are responsible for these changes.例4 （图表写作练习） 分析表格所给出的信息。 分析今后成人教育发展走向和主要原因。年度A地区成人教育学生总数19877,263199215,679199743,205段1分析表格信息：从1987年到1997年10月间，接受成人教育的人数增长6倍多。段2分析发展走向和原因：从表中提供的数字可以预料，在今后10年内，接受成人教育的人数将继续大幅度增加。究其原因：其一，社会竞争加剧；其二，国家办学规模扩大；其三，个人需求提高。因此，“发展提纲”可以草拟如下：分析表格信息：从1987到1997，学生增加6倍多。分析发展走向：1997年以后，成教学生人数将继续增加。 分析原因：个人需要深造，社会竞争激烈，国家办学规模扩大。依据这个“发展提纲”，作文可以完成如下：套用模板（1）It is obvious in the table that the number of people who attend adult education has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up considerably in recent years. In 1987, there are 7,263 people registering for adult education. However, the number increased to 43,205 in 1997.What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are three reasons behind the situation reflected in the table. Firstly, people in ever-increasing number, owing to the intense of harsh competition, have reaized the importance of knowledge and dived into the sea of knowledge in order to perform better in life. Secondly, with the development of economy, peoples former knowledge is no longer as applicable as it was. Economic development inevitably demands that people learn new things. Apart from the above reasons, our countrys actual situation of education results in the increase. Regular schools could accommodate only a fixed number of students, while the number of those who would like to continue their education would be much larger. Adult education is an effective way of solving the problem.From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict that adult education will become more popular. The trend that more people are attending adult education will continue for quite a long time.As is shown in the table, we can see clearly that more and more people attending adult education. In 1987,7,263 people registered for adult education. The number increased to 15,679 in 1992, while it added up to 43,205 in 1997. Therefore, it can be predicted that adult education is to become even more popular.There are chiefly three reasons for the increase. Firstly, people in ever-increasing number, owing to the intense of harsh competition, have reaized the importance of knowledge and dived into the sea of knowledge in order to perform better in life. Secondly, with the development of economy, peoples former knowledge is no longer as applicable as it was. Economic development inevitably demands that people learn new things. Apart from the above reasons, our countrys actual situation of education results in the increase. Regular schools could accommodate only a fixed number of students, while the number of those who would like to continue their education would be much larger. Adult education is an effective way of solving the problem.In spite of what is mentioned above, there are some flaws in adult education. For example, the curricula are too monotonous. Hence, the situation is still serious and how to provide people with more practical occupational training and more theoretical training respectively is still a challenging task. 段1中，“主题句”套用典型段首句式，指出表格所反映的事实。发展句12具体描述数字信息，发展句3预测未来发展趋势。段2从三个方面分析“成教发展”的原因。原因1：个人提高的需要；原因2：社会发展的需要；原因3：正规学校的规模有限。段3从成教现存的问题进一步分析成教的发展。需要指出的是，在六级考试中，如果写作提纲中没有要求第三段的内容，那么写两段就足够了。数据式图表作文写作要素一、用好具有自我特色的语句，提高语言的准确性 数据式图表作文的语言也具有很强的自我特色，了解这一点可以少走弯路，少犯错误，从而有效提高语言的准确性。数据式图表作文规律出现的语句有：反映数量变化的rise/increase/go up/grow, drop/go down/decrease/fall/reduce to, more than, less than, more and more；反映背景对比的compareto, comparewith, contrast to；反映现象相互间关系的asas, the same as, be similar to, be different from；反映数量比例的four-fiths, eighty percent, half of, a quarter of, three times asas；交待社会现象产生背景的be caused by, be made by, lead to等。 二、用好过渡性词汇，增强行文逻辑性 数据式图表作文具有较强的逻辑性，为此应用好过渡性词汇。数据式图表作文常见的过渡性词汇有：表对比的but, however, while, on the contrary；表递进关系的whats more/besides, whats worse/to make the matter worse/worse than all/worse than ever/worse still；表因果关系的thanks to, as a result (of), therefore；表并列关系的for one thing, for the other thing, on the one hand, on the other hand；表总结的in a word, in brief/short, Its clear that；表情感反映的to our surprise, to our joy, even, still, also, too, of course, certainly；表引起下文的as a rule, generally speaking, as we all know等。 三、适当运用高级表达方式，提高文章的醒目性 近年来高考英语书面表达阅卷采用新标准，要求考生尽可能采用高级表达方式来增强文章的表达档次，因此写数据式图表作文时也应适当采用一些高级表达方式。数据式图表作文常交待某些现象的产生背景，可使用被动结构be done by。数据式图表作文常出现并列现象或并列原因或并列结果，常可使用such as列举句型，这是一个使用频率高、使用场合广的句型。数据式图表作文还经常交待社会现象产生的原因，可使用because, as, since引导的原因状语从句。数据式图表作文也经常交待社会现象的发展变化，可使用while, however, but等词引导的表转折对比的并列句型。当然和写其它体裁的书面表达一样，同学们也可尽量使用定语从句、分词作状语或with复合结构句型。这些高级表达方式会大幅度提高文章的表达档次，增强文章的表达效果。图表作文的常用表达段首表达方式：table/bar2) According topie / chart,As can be seen from + the + diagram / graph we can see clearly thatAs is shown in figures/ picture3) The purpose of this picture (table) is to show (indicate) that 4) The figure indicates (shows/ suggests) that X% of sth. / sb数字信息表达方式：1) By 1999, the number of sth. / sb. had less than (more than / nearly) doubled (tripled) compared with that of 1991.2) The number of sth. / sb. remained steady (stable) from 1990 to 1999.3) The number of sth. / sb. stayed the same between 1990 and 1999.4) There was little (hardly and / no) change in the number of sth. / sb. from to (betweenand)5) The figures reached a high point (a low point) at X% (in 1990).6) The number of sth. / sb. increased (rose/ decreased/ dropped) rapidly (slightly) from to (betweenand) by X%.7) There was a rapid (slight) increase (rise/decrease/drop) in the number of sth. / sb. from to(betweenand)8) The life expectancy in 1990 is twice the number in 1960.9) The infant mortality in 1960 is twice as much that as in 1990.10) A has about (approximately) the same number of sth. / sb. as B.总结概述表达方式：by and largein a wordto sum upon the wholein briefin conclusionin generalin shortin summarygenerally speakingall in allto summarize英语四六级写作试题模板图表式作文（1）It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/