非谓语动词 总结.doc

非 谓 语 动 词 总 结第一步：非 谓 语 动 词 系 统 考 纲第一节 概述英语中动词有谓语和非谓语之分。谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致，而非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词主要包括：动词不定式，动词的ing形式和过去分词三种。学非谓语动词必须要了解它们的形式和在句子中的功能，请看下面两个表格：1.非谓语动词的时态和语态形式（以动词do为例）：动词不定式分 词 语 态语 态时 态主 动不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者被 动不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时 态主 动该分词动作的逻辑主语是该分词动作的执行者被 动该分词的逻辑主语是该分词的承受者一 般 式不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后或与谓语动作同时发生to do（去做）to be done（去被）一 般 式该分词动作发生时间不明确。该分词动作发生在谓语动作之后或之前。doing(主动, 在)done 过去分词（被动和完成了; 被)进 行 式 不定式动作与谓语动作同步发生to be doing（正在）进 行 式该分词动作与谓语动作同步发生doing(主动进行，正在)being done（被动进行，正在被）完 成 式不定式动作先于谓语动作而发生或表示一个实际未发生的动作to have done（已经/本想去）to have been done（已经被）完 成 式该分词动作先于谓语动作而发生having done（主动先发生，已经在）having been done（被动先发生，已经被）完成进行式强调不定式动作在谓语动作之前一直在进行to have been doing（已经正在）动名词（作主语和宾语） 现在分词（定、状、补、表）非 谓 语 动 词 用 法 口 诀；1. 非谓动非谓动，一句一个谓语用，多个谓语可相逢，此时连词起作用。（连词包括从属连词和并列连词）2.（逗号隔开）无并连，多个动词还相逢，此时就用非谓动，非谓动有三种，不定 to do ，分词(doing,done)和动名(doing)；名、代、句子是其主，位置在前就好定，短句无主前后找，句子主语担当了。3.to加原形不定式，词组可做名、副、形；不定式目的将要做，主动被动要分清，不定动与谓动同发生，就用不定式进行时to be doing；被动时就用to being done不定动在谓动前发生，就用不定式完成式to have done；被动时就用 to have been done不定动在谓动后发生，就用不定式一般式 to do；被动时就用 to be done.4.分词现分doing和过分done，相当副词和形容；现分doing主动进行时，过分done被动完成了；现分在谓动前发生，就用现分完成式having done；被动时就用 having been done现分与谓动(基本)同发生，就用现分一般式doing；被动时就用being done过分只有done， 表示被动完成了。5.动名原形ing,（doing）,动词具有名词性，可作主宾和宾补，表语功能也能行。动名词前可用所有格，动名词后可跟宾语和状语。6.独立主格要认清，名代之后副或形，或是分词，不定和介短，with结构最显明；名代二词是其主，主动被动要分清；千变万化皆做状，其中意义也不多；时间，条件和原因，方式，伴随没别的。分词用法口诀：分词用法请注意，时/语态共有五形式，句中作用有四种，用作状/定/表与补。若用分词作状语，用何形式看主语，主动执行用现分，先于谓动用完成式，仅表被动此一项，只用过分就可以；被动完成皆强调，用现分完成被动式；如果分词作状语，逻辑主语无处觅，此系“悬垂”之用法，尽量避免请记住。分词句中作定语，被修饰者是关键词，使用现分表主动，被动过分就可以，既表被动又进行，用现分被动之形式。分词句中作表语，主语决定其形式，表示特征用现分，过分常表人情绪，某物处于某状态，同样使用过去分词。分词句中作宾补，形式关键看宾语，主动执行用现分，被动/结束用过去分词。分词否定之形式，其前加not就可以。 说明：1.“现分”或“现分词-”-现在分词 2.“过分”或“过分词”-过去分词 3.“谓动”-谓语动词4.“悬垂”-“悬垂分词”, 即指在句子中找不到逻辑主语的分词。2. 非谓语动词在句子中的功能：主语宾语表语定语补语状语同位语不定式-ing形式过去分词第二节 非谓语动词的时态和语态一动词不定式的时态：不定式的一般式通常表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后或与谓语动词同时发生；不定式的进行式（通常用于动态延续性动词）表示不定式动作与谓语动作同步发生；不定式的完成式通常表示不定式动作先于谓语动词而发生或表示一个实际未发生的动作；不定式的完成进行式往往强调不定式动作在谓语动词之前一直在进行。例如：1.When I spoke to him, he pretended _(look) for something here and there.2.He looked tired. He seemed _(work) all night.3.Charles Babbage is generally considered _(invent) the first computer.4.I would love _ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.5.He ordered the man _ (go) there at once.二动词不定式的语态：一般情况下，在一个含有不定式的句子中，如果有不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）该不定式常用主动形式；如果出现的是不定式的逻辑宾语（即不定式动作的承受者），该不定式常用被动形式。但是，下面几种结构却常用主动表示被动：(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性质特征的形容词之后的不定式或用这些词修饰一个名词后跟的不定式常用主动表示被动；(2).少数动词如blame(责备), let(出租)等的不定式作表语时常用主动表示被动。(3) 三个”需要” (need,want,require)很常用，主形被义用动名,不定式作宾表主动eg.I need to go now=I want to go now=I require to go nowThe chair needs/wants/requires repairing=The chair needs /wants/requires to be repaired6.This sentence is easy _ (understand).7.I cant go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_ (wash).8.“Have you any clothes _ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女佣).9.Our school is a nice place _ (visit).10. I found the chair comfortable _ (sit) in.11. I think the question difficult _ (answer).12. Its I who am _ (blame).13. The officer ordered the soldiers _ (fire) the guns.14. The officer ordered the guns _ (fire).三.-ing形式的时态: -ing形式的一般式通常表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语之后；完成式则表示动作先于谓语动词而发生。如：15._ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.16.He was praised for _ (teach) for 60 years. 17.I heard him _ (sing) when I passed his room.18._ (Finish) the work, he went home. 19.He insisted on _ (join) the army.四.-ing形式的语态：一般情况下，需要找准ing动词的逻辑主语，若它们之间是主谓关系，ing动词常用主动；若它们之间是动宾关系，ing动词就要用被动。但在动词need, want, require,及形容词worth之后的ing必须用主动表示被动。如：20.He wont come without _ (invite). 21.The flowers in the garden need _ (water).22.Thank you for _ (give) us so much help. 23.The building _ (build) now will be a hospital.24._ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip? 25.The book is well worth _ (read).第三节 非谓语动词的用法比较一、作主语 动词不定式和动词的-ing形式都可以在句子中作主语。（1）、一般来说，不定式作主语时，通常表示一次性的、特指的、具体的或将来的动作；而-ing形式作主语时，通常表示一个经常性的、泛指的、或不具体的动作。如：26._ (refuse) him is not easy this time. 27._ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.28._ (teach) English is my job. 29._ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future. （2）、当句子的主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，两者在形式上一般保持一致；比较状语从句中的主语形式通常也取决于主句里的主语形式。如：30. _ (see) is to believe.=_ (see) is believing. 31. _ (say) is easier than to do.32. _ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it. （3）、在日常英语中，为了句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语而将不定式或ing放在句末这时候要注意下面的习惯句型：It + be + 形容词或名词+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.It + be + no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)33. It was foolish of you _ (give) up what you rightly owned.34. There is no _ (hold) back the wheel of history. 35. I think its no good _ (argue) with your parents.二、作宾语 （1）、有些及物动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语，不能接ing形式。接不定式的动词：决心(decide/determine)学会(learn), 想(want)请安排（arrange）帮一帮(help)，设法(manage) 希望(hope)不能（fail）被拒绝(refuse)，计划(plan) 主动(offer) 请求(require/request/ask/beg)不敢（dare）要求（demand），不愿(care)再假装(pretend)、希望(hope/wish/expect) 选择(choose/elect) 答应（promise）、渴望（long/desire）同意(agree/permit)，egI want to speak English. He decides to go out.（2）、有些及物动词后只能接动词的-ing形式作宾语，不能接不定式。接动名词的动词：两原谅(excuse/pardon)劝告两避免(avoid /escape)，承认(admit)设想(imagine)想象(fancy)之冒险( risk)。坚持(insist on )完成(finish)练习(practice)保持(keep)喜欢 (enjoy)，反对(object to)否定(deny)正视( face)讨厌 (dislike) 。建议(suggest/advise)介意(mind)错过(miss)考虑(consider)，着手(set about)延期(put off/delay )忍受(stand/bear/put up with)放弃(give up/get rid of)。包括(include )情不自禁(cant help)阻防(prevent/stop/ keep sb from) 某人，值得(be worth)习惯(be/get used to)忙于(be busy)盼望( look forward to)，想要(feel like)允许(allowpermit)动名来作宾。eg. I finished writing a composition He is used to living here（3）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接ing形式作宾语，意义相同. 不定式动名词作宾意相同 开始喜欢继续拖延,试图忍受宁愿讨厌。 beginstart likelove continue delay, attempt cant bear prefer hate。eg. We begin to speak English=We begin speaking English如遇下面三种情况时接不定式为最佳：A. 句子的主语是物而不是人时，如：The ice began to melt.B. 当begin, start 用了进行时态时, 如：Hes beginning to understand it.C. 当begin, start 后作宾语的动词属于心理活动、精神状态类动词（如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等）时，如：It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home. （4）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接ing形式作宾语，意义有细微差别，常见的动词有：like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一个特定的、一次性的、将来的动作) like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、习惯性的、或正在进行的动作)36. I like _ (swim) but I dont like _ (swim) today.37. Would you love _ (go) to the zoo with us?38. I felt like _ (cry) at the news.（5）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接ing形式作宾语，意义完全不同，常见动词有：39.We must try _ (finish) the work on time.Lets try _ (work) out the maths problem in another way,40.I remember _ (see) her somewhere before.You must remember _ (post) the letter for me.41.He forgot _ (pay) and asked to be paid again.Dont forget _ (turn) off the light when you leave.42.I regret _ (miss) such a good chance.I regret _ (say) that I cant lend you so much money.43.Doing like that means _ (cheat).I didnt mean _ (hurt) your feeling that day.44.I cant help _ (do) housework today. Im busy preparing a report.I couldnt help _ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.45.When the teacher came in, the students stopped _ (talk).As he was very busy that day, he didnt stop _ (talk) with me.46.Though it was raining, the peasants went on _ (work) in the fields.After listening to the text, we went on _(read).47.The baby needs _ (look) after. =The baby needs _ after.You dont need _ (look) after the baby today.48.Our school is well worth _ (visit).Our school is well worthy _ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _.（6）、介词后的宾语一般用动词的ing形式，但要注意：but和except之后通常接不定式；介词之后若有连接词时也要接不定式。如：49.I have no choice but _ (wait).50.He gave me some advice on how _ (study) it well.51.He has no idea of what _ (do) next.52.I was about _ (go) out when it began to rain. 注意：A.下面短语中的to是介词，后面要接动词的ing形式而不接不定式。devote-to-, look forward to, pay attention to, prefer-to-, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(习惯于-),等等。 B.有些短语中介词经常省略，这时要注意接动词的ing形式，如：be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop -(from) doing sth.,等等。（7）、当不定式和-ing形式作“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”句型中的宾语时，要用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语置于补语之后，常见句型有： 主语+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth. 主语+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.三、作表语所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中作表语，其区别在：（1）、不定式作表语通常表示一次性、特指的、将来的或具体的动作，有时还可以表示计划安排将要发生的事或一种命令要求。（2）、ing形式作表语通常表示习惯性、泛指的、不具体的动作或表示主语的性质特征（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“令人感到的”）（3）、过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态，常具有被动含义（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“感到的”），这样的动词常见的有：surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如：53.No one is _ (leave) this building without the permission of the police.54.My job is _ (teach) English and my wish is _ (be) a lawyer.55.The president is _ (visit) our country next month.56.The speech was very _ (move) and we were all _ (move) to tears.四、作定语所有的非谓语动词都可以作定语，其区别在：（1）、不定式作定语常放在被修饰的名词之后，通常可以表示：A. 一个发生在谓语动词之后的动作。如：The building to be built next month will be a hospital.B. 被修饰的名词与用作定语的不定式之间可能是逻辑上的“主+谓”关系，也可能是逻辑上的“动+宾”关系。如：Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+谓”关系)I have nothing to write. (“动+宾”关系) 我没有什么东西可写。C. 如果是“动+宾”关系，动词不定式之后有时需要添上适当的介词，而在名词time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所带的介词可以省略，如：I have nothing to write on. 我没有什么东西可以上面写字。I have nothing to write with. 我没有什么东西可以用来写字I have no time to rest. 注意：这种带介词的不定式短语常可以转换为“介词+which / whom+不定式”的结构。例：They had only a cold room to live in.=They had only a cold room in which to live.D. 下列情况常用不定式作定语：l、 当句子中的谓语是一些特定的动词，如：be, find, get, give, have, need, want等，它们后面的名词（宾语或表语）常用不定式修饰。2、当名词前有特定的定语，如：first, last, next, only, second以及形容词最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。3、在There be句型中，主语之后常用不定式作定语。4、有一些特定的名词之后常用不定式作定语，常见的有：time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。例：You have no right to speak here. He is the only person to know the truth. There is nothing to worry about. My parents had no chance to go to college. （2）、动词的-ing形式作定语时，如果是单个词，常放在被修饰名词之前；如果是-ing短语，要放在名词之后。-ing作定语通常可以表示：A. 被修饰名词的用途，如：a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.B. 被修饰名词的性质特征，如：exciting news, a moving story, etc.C被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling water, etc. （3）、过去分词作定语通常表示：A. 被动，如：He is a man loved by all the people.B. 完成，如：The building built last year is our classroom building.a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled waterC. 被修饰名词所处的状态，如：an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.五、作状语所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中充当状语，其区别在：（1）、不定式（短语）常在句子中作目的、结果和原因状语，常见句式有：目的：to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.结果：so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; tooto do sth.; only to do sth. 原因：be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.（2）、-ing形式和过去分词位于句首时常作时间、原因、条件状语，位于句末时主要作方式、伴随或结果状语。究竟该用-ing还是过去分词，主要取决于句子的主语，若它们之间是主动关系就用-ing形式，若是被动关系，就用过去分词。57. He raised his hand _ the taxi stop. (have)58. _ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)59. The parents died, _ him an orphan. (leave)60. _ to college, he works very hard. (go)61. Im not such a boy as _ him. (believe)62. _ ill, he was sent to a hospital. (be)注意：A. 非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，如：（）Being a fine day, we went out for an outing.（）As it was a fine day, we went out for an outing.（）It being a fine day, we went out for an outing. () Hearing the news, tears came to my eyes.（）Hearing the news, I burst into tears. （）When I heard the news, tears came to my eyes.B有些非谓语动词可以相当于独立成分、介词或连词使用，这时候它们常有自己固定的形式，与句子的主语不存在任何的逻辑关系，常见的有：to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, (老实说) to make things worse (更糟糕的是) to begin with / start with (首先)generally / strictly / exactly speaking (一般/严格/准确地说) judging from / by (根据/从判断) talking of (谈到 )considering (考虑到) ncluding (其中包括) compared with / to (与相比)六、作补语所有的非谓语动词都可以作补语，在使用中要注意下面几种情况：（1）、有许多动词，如：ask, tell, allow, force, cause, encourage, 等之后都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。w希望（wish）想（want）警告（warn），喜欢（like order）persuade鼓励（encourage inspire ）allow 来（tell）告。期望（expect）know来请（ask）教（teach），允许（permit）advise来禁止（forbid）三强迫（urgeobligeforce ）。invite, hate别漏掉，后跟宾补to记牢。egHe invited me to give a talk I wish you to wash your hands（2）、在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at之后可以接三种非谓语动词作补语，其区别在：-ing作补语表示与谓语动词同时进行的动作，如果这个动作与宾语是被动关系，还要用其被动形式being done；过去分词作补语常表示一个完成被动的动作；不定式作补语可以表示一个全过程、一个具体的、将来的、或经常性的动作。如：分词宾补要灵活常见分词宾补有10个，注意（notice）观看（watch see）保持（keep）听（hear）感觉（feel）。发现（find） have get make物加过，过去被动现在主，着情处理要灵活。egI see Tom playing over there Can I make myself understood? He had his bike repaired63.I saw the classroom _ (clean) when I passed by it.64.The missing children were last seen _ (play) by the river.65.I often hear him _ (sing) in the next room.66.I saw the room _ (clean). Everything was put in order.67.I saw him _ (open) the door, _ (walk) into the room, and _ (sit) down at the desk.（3）、注意使让词之后的补语用法:Ahave sb. do sth.=get sb. to do sth. “请/叫/让某人做某事” 与宾语的关系是主动的。Bhave sb./ sth. doing sth.“使某人一直做某事/容许某人做某事”，强调主动和进行。Cget sb. doing sth.“使某人开始做某事”。Dhave sb./sth. done =get sb./sth. done“使某人/某物被或使遭受”，表示被动Emake /let sb. do sth.表主动。F. make /let sb. /sth. /oneself done 表示被动。（4）、有些动词后不能接非谓语动词特别是不定式作宾语补足语，常考的动词有：agree, refuse, hope, suggest, demand, etc.(5)、有些动词后需要接-ing作宾语，而接不定式作宾语补足语，常见的动词有：advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage等。例：68.Youd better have someone else _ (help) you. Im too busy.69.He already had his eyes _(examine) in the hospital yesterday.70.The speaker explained it again to make himself _ (understand).71.We dont allow _ (smoke) in our classroom.72.He didnt allow his son _ (play) computer games.七、作同位语动词的-ing形式常被用来解释一个名词的具体内容，在句子中充当同位语，如：His habit, studying at night, remains unchanged.The gesture for “OK”, making a circle with ones thumb and index finger, has different meaning in different countries.第四节 非谓语动词的几种特殊结构一、否定结构：所有非谓语动词的否定结构都是在非谓语动词前直接加否定词not或never等构成。例：Excuse me for not coming back in time. Not having received a reply, He decided to writer again.He advised me never to go out alone at night.二、动词不定式的复合结构不定式复合结构是指带有主语的动词不定式，其形式有以下两种：（1）、for sb. to do sth.(侧重动作), 可以用于各种句子结构中。（2）、of sb. to do sth.(侧重对逻辑主语品行的评价)，这种结构主要用于下列形容词之后：bad, brave, careful careless, clever, foolish, cruel, kind, rude, polite, stupid等。73.Its very important _ us to learn English well. 74.Its very foolish _ you to believe him. = You are very foolish to believe him75.There are a lot of difficulties _ them to overcome. 76.I stepped aside _ her to pass.三、动名词的复合结构由动名词的逻辑主语和动词-ing一起构成，在句子中主要作主语和宾语，其形式有：（1）、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动词的-ing（2）、人称代词宾格或名词普通格+动词的-ing注意、A、当句子的主语就是-ing动词的逻辑主语时不能用复合结构。如：Would you mind opening the door? (You open the door.) Would you mind my / me opening the door? (I open the door.) B、-ing作主语放在句首时，只能用第（1）种形式的复合结构。如：His being ill made us very sad.C、当无生命的名词或两个以上的名词/代词并列作-ing的逻辑主语时，只能用第（2）种形式的复合结构。如：Can you hear the noise of the machine running. Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?四、独立主格结构（1）、由“名词或代词主格+动词的-ing形式或过去分词”构成，在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或方式。主要用于句子的主语不是非谓语动词的逻辑主语时。如：77.All the work_ (do), he had a rest. （时间状语）78.Weather _ (permit), we will go outing tomorrow.（条件状语）79.The boy stood there, his right hand _ (raise). （伴随情况）80.He _ (be) ill, we sent him to a hospital. （原因状语）81.There _ (be) no buses, we had to walk home. （原因状语）（2）、由“with/without +名词/代词宾格+动词-ing /过去分词/不定式/介词（短语）/形容词/副词”等构成，在句子中可以作状语或定语。如：82.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ (tie) behind his back.83.With a lot of work _ (do), I cant go to the cinema with you.84.He left without anybody _ (know).五、“连接词+ to do”，“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done /doing”结构的区别（1）、“连接词+to do”相当于一个名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，常可以转换成由该连词引出的从句。(2)、“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done/doing” 在句子中只能作状语，主句的主语是此结构中doing和done的逻辑主语，如果它们之间的关系是主动的，就用doing，是被动的就用done。85.Please tell me what _ (do ) next. =Please tell me what I should do next. 86.The problem is whether _ (go) by bus or by plane. 87.When _ (start) the project hasnt been decided yet. 88.Be careful when / while _(cross) the street.