Noun clauses名词性从句.doc

名词性从句用法详解 2014-3-19引语：1. 任何从句作成份必须有连词连接引导。 （2012）-What made the teacher so angry? -That he was late again. 2. 任何从句作成份必须用陈述句序 I dont know what you wanted (2009) I didnt know what was the matter with the birds (2011) 3. 引导词的三大功能 引导作用 词义作用 成份作用 4，三类引导词 1. 不完整连词 that , whether/if , 2. 连接代词 who, whom,what, which, 3. 连接副词 when, where, how, why, 一、概说 名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。5, 名词性从句分分类及引导词 主语从句 不完整连词 连接代词 连接副词宾语从句 不完整连词 连接代词 连接副词表语从句 不完整连词(加as if/though)连接代词 连接副词同位语从句 不完整连词 连接代词 连接副词二、名词性从句的一般引导词1.连接词 that 引导名词性从句时， 只起连接作用，没有词义，从句意思完整明确不充当句子成分，从句成份齐全在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时和在第二个宾从中不省略。如：I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。2.连接词 whether 引导名词性从句时，只起连接作用，不充当句子成分,有词义，表示“是否”，“不确定”，“待解决。引导宾语从句时，可换成 if，但引导其他名词性从句，后有or not 和作介词的宾语时不能换成 if。如：He asked whether if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还不明确。3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等引导名词性从句时，既起连接作用，又有词义，还要在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等成分。如：Thats what she wanted to leave for. 这就是她想离开的原因。Who will come doesnt matter. 什么时候到没有关系。Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导名词性从句，既起连接作用，又有词义，在从句中作状语。如：The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。When shell be back depends much on the weather.她什么时候回来很大程度上要看天气。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。三、名词性从句的重要引导词1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词(1)可引导主/宾/表语从句，但不引导同位语从句。(2)它引导的名词性从句时必须充当两个成份，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如: I dont know what you want. （anything that）我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what you want is this. (all that) 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 (3) what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，表示无范围的疑问，其后修饰名词。如：I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。而which则是有范围的选择。如：I dont know which dish would you take of the five?注: what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如：We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。2. whoever, whatever, whichever 等引导的名词性从句时必须充当两个成份，其意分别为“anyone that(所的一切事或东西)”、“anything that(任何的人)”、“anyoneanything that(的任可人或物)”等。如： Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。Ill do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论”、“不管”，其意相当于 no matter who what, which。如：Whatever happens, you must be calm. (whatever = no matter what)He wont eat you, whoever/whomever he is. (whoever = no matter who)注1：whoever 引导名词性从句时既用作主格也用作宾语；whomever用作宾语。 如：The gift will be given to whoever comes first. The gift will be given to whomever you meet first.注2： who 引导的名性从句表事，whoever 引导的名词性从句表人。如： Who will come doesnt matter Whoever comes first will be rewarded.3. why与because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句，但why强调结果，because强调的原因。如： I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come.（结果） 我感冒了，因此我没来。I didnt come. Thats because I had a cold.（原因） 我没有来，那是因为我感冒了。但是主语是reason 时，其表语从句引导词只能是that如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus Why引导的定从 that引导的表语从句The reason why . was that 为什么的原因是4.as if /though 引导的表语从句以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用were 型虚拟语气（表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+动词原形）：The stuffed dog barked as if it is were, was a real one. 玩具狗叫起来像真狗He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。在现代英语中，有时即使从句内容不是事实，也可能用陈述语气：I feel as if though Im floating on air. 他感到好像漂浮在空中。It seemed as if the world was at an end。四同位语从句同位语从句常放在名词news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility等后，对该名词的内容进行解释。Word came that our team won the final.1. 由that引导Ive come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that. 我得出结论这样做是不明智的。The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 那笔钱不见了这一事实并不【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略.2. 由whether引导There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的问题：你来不来。The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 。3. 由连接代词引导Have you any idea who has come? 你知道谁来了吗?4. 由连接副词引导I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多着急!五、名词性从句的语序名词性从句的词序为陈述句语序，尤其注意：特殊疑问词的名词性从句由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 或连接副词 when, where, why 加 陈述句，不要受特殊疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序。如：Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭？（特殊疑问句）I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。（特殊疑问词的名词性从句）He ouldnt make clear what was the matter with the engine . （特殊疑问词的名词性从句）六、名词性从句的时态问题1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如：I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用一般现在时.如： Our teacher told us that the sun gives us light and heat 2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态；但引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则用一般现在时/现在完成时表示将来意义。如：I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Il call you. 句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句，第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句。I dont decide if I will go with you. If Ive made up my mind, I will get you informed 七It 用作形式主语或宾语当从句在某个句子中作主语或宾语时，为避免句式结构的混乱或头重尾轻，常用it作形式主语或宾语，而将真正的主语从句或宾语从句放在句尾。此时it仍只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 下列情况须用it 作形式主语 it 替代主语从句放在句首作逻辑主语，而把真正主语主语从句置于句尾如：It is extremely obvious that she has been lying about her identity.下列几种句型情况须用it 作形式主语It is +名词+从句，这样的名词有a fact,a surprise,an honor，a pity, common knowledge（常识）等。如：It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather. 皓月兆天晴这是常识。It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. It is +形容词+从句: 这样的形容词有natural,true,strange,necessary,important,obvious certain,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,probable等。例如：It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. It is probable that he has known everything. 很可能他什么都已经知道了。It +动词+从句： 这样的动词有seem,happen,matter等。It appeared that he had a taste for music. 看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力。It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴。It + be + 分词+从句： 这样的分词有 said（据说）， reported（据报道），believed（人们相信），known，decided，proved（已证实），thought, expected, annouced, 等。例如：It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.据说李郝去过欧洲。需要说明的是，大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以用 it充当形式主语。例如：It says in the newspaper that the enemy has been defeated. 报纸上报导敌人被打败了。两个重要句型1. Its(about / high) time (that) .意思是“到了某人该做某事的时候了”，从句中谓语动词用were型虚拟语气或should + 动词原形。例如：Its about time that we should get up. 到了我们该起床的时候了。2. It struck me / occurred to me /happened( to me) that . 表示 “我突然It so happened that the tickets were sold out.It suddenly occurred to me that the message must have been hidden in the letter.下列四种情况须用it 作形式宾语： 当主语从句或宾语从句在主谓宾宾补的复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）；e.g. .I dont feel it difficult that you learn the Special English. He makes it a rule that he gets up at six every morning. 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate, appreciate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句；e.g. I dont like it that hes so lazy. （我不喜欢他那么懒惰。）I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. （我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。） that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语；e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you.（尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。）Would you see to it that she gets home early? （你负责保证她早到家，好吗？）He insisted on it that he was innocent.（他坚持说自己是无辜的。） 由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，须借用it。e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.（我让你自己判断这事是否该做。）We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident.（多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。）2013年名词性从句高考题集锦选1.【2013北京】31_ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. A. That B. What C. Who D. Which 2.【2013北京】33. Experts believe _people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. A. why B. where C. that D. what 3.【2013湖南】28. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _ close you may be to victory. A. how B. that C. which D. where 4.【2013江西】30. _one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Wherever 5.【2013山东】30. Its good to know _ the dogs will be well cared for while were away.A. what B. whose C. which D. that 6.【2013陕西】20. It remains to be seen _the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice. A. that B. which C. what D. whether 7.【2013四川】6. _ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company. A. When B. How C. What D. That 8.【2013天津】15. I want to tell you_ is the deep love and respect I have for my parents. A. That B. Which C. Whether D. What 9.【2013新课标I卷】26. Police have found_ appears to be the lost ancient statue.A. which B. where C. how D. what 10.【2013浙江】16.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. A. how B. that C. which D. whether 11.【2013重庆】28. _-struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son. A.That B. It C. What D. Which 12.【2013安徽】21From space, the earth looks blue. This is_ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. A. why B. how C. because13. 【2013湖北】25 _ is a problem where we could get so much money. A. That B. This C. There D. It巩固练习题1._ you didnt know the rules be an excuse for your failure to report2.-I have given up the job as a waiter and joined your company -Thats _ you are mistaken . The company isnt well managed 3.The question was put forward at the meeting _they had enough money for plan.4.Evidence has been piled up _drinking boiled water after getting up in the morning contributes to ones health.5. The face-to-face talk made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made 6.It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossroads -both lead to the library.7. -What made her so upset? -That she failed again in the mid-term examination. 8. _ the new underground will be available has not been decided yet.9. _we will succeed partly depends on our attitude.10. The limits of ones intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _he can reach the limits depends on his environment.11.He is always thinking of _ he can achieve his goal. He is always thinking of _he can achieve.12. The massage you intend to convey through words may be the opposite of _ others actually understand 13.Jerry didnt regret giving the comment but felt _ he could expressed it differently 14. Scientists study _ human brains work as computers.15.We have offered her the job but we dont know _ she will accept it .16.After _ seemed an endless wait , it was her turn to have the operation17. Evidence has been found through years of study _ childrens habits are likely to continue when they grow up.18.-I prefer shutting myself in and surf on