名词性从句引导词细辨.doc

名词性从句引导词细辨主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句都属于名词性从句范畴。引导这些从句的连词大体上相同,但是部分学生对其中某些连词之间的区别还不甚清楚。此外连词之间的差异也一直是各类英语试题的命题热点。本文就这些易错易混的连词谈谈它们的用法区别。 一、that,what和which 1. that引导名词性从句时只起连接从句的作用,本身没有任何意义,因此在从句中不充当任何句子成分,它的使用须注意以下几点: A. 引导宾语从句时,that常可省略,但如果主句后跟有并列宾语从句时,只能省略第一个that;若宾语从句前插有别的从句时,that也不能省略。例如: He told me (that) he was all right and that he would come to see me when he was free. 他告诉我说他很好,并说在他有空时来看我。 B. that引导主语从句位于句首时不可省略.如果it作形式主语,而that从句置于句末, 这时that可以省略。例如: That he has lost his work is not true. 他丢了工作不是真的。 =It is not true (that) he has lost his work. C.当主语为the reason时,注意应用that 引导其表语从句,不能受汉语影响而误用because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他迟到的原因是他没赶上早班车.(此句中的that不可用because代替) D.引导同位语从句时,切不可错用which。例如: Word has come that some American guests will come to visit our school next week. 有消息说下周将有一些美国客人来我校参观。 2. what与which引导名词性从句时都在从句中充当句子的某一成份,如主语、表语、宾语或定语,其区别是:what表示泛指的事物,常译为什么或 所的事物, whatever是它的强语势无论什么;which表示特定事物中的哪一个(些),一般情况下在从句中充当定语,后接名词,在一定的语境中,它所 修饰的名词可以省略,whichever是它的强语势无论哪一个(些)。例如: I believe what (whatever) he says. 我相信他说的(不管他说什么我都相信)。 I will give her which (whichever) book she likes on the shelf. 这个书架上的(任何一本)书,只要她喜欢,我都会给她。 二、who,whoever,whom和whomever 在引导名词性从句时,在句中作主语时用who,意思是谁,含有疑问意味,whoever是它的强语势无论谁,不含有疑问意味。作宾语时用whom, 其相应强语势为whomever。判别时要根据句意以及在句中的语法功能来决定该用哪个引导词。例如: Who has taken away my bag is unknown.谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用Whoever显然句意不通) Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight. 无论谁想看这部电影今晚可以和我们一起去.(Whoever wants 相当于Anybody who wants,意为凡是想的人。这里不可换为Who。) Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁作侯选人了? You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。语法点滴“疑问词+不定式”用法小结一、疑问词+不定式的构成：由疑问代词who, whom, what, which; 疑问副词when, how, where等+不定式构成。Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 选择吃什么,已经不像以前那么简单了。How to describe people is todays topic. 如何描述人物是今天的话题。二 、疑问词+不定式的功能：在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。1.作主语How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn. 我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。2.作宾语作动词的宾语We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays. 我们要学习写剧本，总得有个开头。作介词的宾语We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat. 我们最好能学会正确选择吃什么、怎么吃。When you are trying to advise someone about what to do or what not to do, you can use should / ought to or should not /ought not to. 当你想要建议某人做什么或者不做什么时，你可以用should / ought to 或者 should not / ought not to。3.作表语My question is where to find the answer. 我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。三、疑问词+不定式的使用方法。 疑问词+不定式构成的短语在句中当名词用，可以写成相应的从句。I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table. (= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table.) 对餐桌礼仪，我心中没底儿。 这种结构中，疑问代词须接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语(who, which除外)【误】 I dont know what to talk. 【正】 I dont know what to talk about.但可以说：We havent decided who (which) to go. 我们还没定谁(哪个)去。 这种结构中的疑问副词后要接不及物动词；若接及物动词, 要有动词的宾语。I dont know how to talk. 我不知如何谈。I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. 不知您能否告诉我如何去做这件事。(不能说: . how to do.)语法点滴“疑问词+不定式”用法小结，嘉兴英语网收集整理，已有226人阅读本文常考英语语法十五要点一、 动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等）1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958.2、By the time we got there, the play had already begun.3、When I was a child, I knew that the earth turns about its axis.4、When Mr.Delay got home after a days exhausting work, his wife and children were sleeping.二、 非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记）1、The film showed last night was very moving. (不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别)2、Having finishing his lecture, the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question.3、The problem being discussed is very important.4、Given more time, we are sure to finish it.5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here?三、 It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的,注意it还可以指时间，天气等。）1、It is difficult to study English well.2、We think it is important to pass the exam.四、 强调句型（大家要记住的是it is (was).that.,如果前面是it is/was 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who）1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her.2、It is what you will do that is important.3、When was it that he bought a new car?五、 倒装句型全部倒装句(这种全部倒装题历年只考过一次，考得最多的都是下面的部分倒装)1、Stop talking! There comes the teacher.部分倒装句（如果选项里面有两个主谓倒装了，两个没有,我们一般要在倒装里做选择）1、So badly was he hurt in the accident that he had to be sent to hospital.2、Not only does he study well, but also he is always ready to help others.3、Mary has done well in the English exam. So she has. She always does well in the exam.六、 从句中选择关系词题（重点在定语从句,多看笔记, because/since/now that/as/for; sothat/such that）1、It was in so friendly a way that he talked with us.2、Oct.15, 2005 is a day when we will take our English examination.3、We want to buy the same book as you are reading.4、The sun heats the earth, which is very important to living things.七、 虚拟语气（我们要记住与现在，过去，将来相反的三种情况，特别是与过去相反的情况最常考，再有就是wish/as if 后面所接的三种情况，还有一个常考点在suggest,demand,require,order等表示建议，要求，命令的词后面加从句时，从句里谓语要 用(should）+动词原形，如果是被动则用(should +be +动词过去分词)1、I would have done it better if I had had more time.2、I wish you would go with us tomorrow.3、I suggest that we (should )adopt a different policy.4、Had it not been for your help, we would never have been able to get over the difficulties.八、 情态动词题（除了掌握常见情态动词基本用法外，常考点在三种表推测的情况，分别为must表对现在事情的肯定推测 ，cant表对现在事实的否定推测， must have +v-ed表示对过去事实的肯定推测，而则表示过去应该做某事而没有做）1、The ground is so wet, it must have rained last night.2、She must be a doctor, I think.3、I should have called you last week, but I was too busy then.九、 几组形容词及副词区别题（注意比较级、最高级、倍数表达; likely/possible/probable; worth/worthy; too much/much too; already/yet等）1、His books are three time as many as my books.2、The Nile river is the longest river in the world.3、It is much too hot tonight.4、The harder he worked, the happier he felt.十、 主谓一致题（往往出题者都是考谓语动词选单数这种情况，如each,every,everyone这样的词作主语以及Mary, like many other girls likes listening to music这样的题）1、The moral of the officers and crew was very high.2、Each boy and each girl in the city is asked to go to school.3、Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.(近位原则)十一、 动词及动词词组区别题（常考的有raise/rise/arise/arose; spend/cost/take/pay/afford; wound/injure/hurt/damage; find/findout/discover/invent; hit/strike/ring/beat; tell/say/speak/talk; join/join in/take part in等以及我所讲过的动词短语）1、Can you tell the difference between these two words?2、He joined the army three years ago.十二、 主句用将来时，从句则用一般现在时（或现在完成时）表将来题1、They will leave the classroom when they have finished writing.2、We will start to work as soon as our teacher comes.十三、 名词所有格以及名词后面有限定时则该名词前一定要加定冠词the题（名词的格有以下两种情况，Tombook, 以及 the books of our school，特别是用of表示的所有格我们一定要习惯这种表达）1、Beijing is the capital of China.2、He cant have the expience of all of the world.十四、 常用介词区别题(如on, in, except /besides, within, without, through等)1、You should write in ink not with your pencil.2、He pulled her into the train by the arm.3、by bus/train/air. On foot, on the farm, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/noon十五、 常考代词题（常考的有other/others, another/the other; sometimes/some time/sometime; that/which; that/what, either/neither/or; too/also/either; many/much/a great deal of/a great number of/a great amount of; a few/few/little/a little; as long as/as far as; so long as/so far as ）1、That you dont like him is none of my business.2、The weather in the north is much colder than that in the south in January.3、He must be a worker. I think so.四组名词性从句引导词用法区别1. what与that的用法区别两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句，区别是what可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)：He doesnt know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。What you say is quite right. 你所说的相当正确。I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。Its a pity (that) he didnt finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。另外，that 可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句：I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。2. whether与if的用法区别两者的用法异同注意以下几点：(1) 两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换：He asked if whether we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。He didnt tell me if whether he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来。【注】若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用 if(意为“如果”)。(2) 当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用 if 而不用 whether：I dont care if it doesnt rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。【注】在个别词语(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可用 whether 引导：I wonder if whether he isnt mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。(3) 以下情况通常要用 whether 而不用 if： 引导宾语从句且置于句首时：Whether he has left, I cant say. 他是否走了，我说不定。 引导主语从句且放在句首时：Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。【注】若在句首使用形式主语 it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导：It was not known whether if he would come. 不知他是否会来。 引导表语从句时：The question is whether we should go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。【注】在很不正式的场合if偶尔也用于引导表语从句，但远不如用 whether 常见。 引导让步状语从句时：Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。 引导同位语从句时：The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它还没有考虑。 用于不定式之前时：Im not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 我真是哭笑不得。 用于介词之后时：It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。 直接与 or not 连用时：I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。【注】若不是直接与 or not 用在一起，则有时也可用 if： I dont know whether if he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。 在 discuss(讨论)等少数动词后引导宾语从句时：(from )We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。3. that,why与because的用法区别它们在引导表语从句中很容易混淆，区别于下：(1) 当主语是reason(原因)时，后面的表语从句的引导词通常用that：Thereasonwhyhedidntattendthepartyyesterdayisthathehasntcomebackyet. 他昨天没有参加聚会是因为他还没有回来。【注】在现代英语中，有时也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。(2) why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因：Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella. 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