实用英语语音学ppt课件

TheEnglishSpeechSounds 主讲 梁慧 Theimportanceofphoneticstudy 1 Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements namely speechsounds vocabularyandgrammar Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence Divorcedfromspeechsound wordandgrammararenon existent Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistodeterminethephonemes Basicsounds 2 Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth languageisusedinoralspeechandinreadingaloud Therefore inordertomakeoneselfeasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingone sownorotherpeople sthoughtsinanylanguage onemustbeabletopronouncesentencesinthatlanguagequitecorrectly Onemusthavegoodpronunciationinordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorreadaloud Thisisprovedbythewell knownfactthatthebetterwepronounceaforeignlanguage theeasierweunderstanditwhenwehearit Conceptionsofphonetic AHD TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageKK APronouncingDictionaryofAmerican 1956 JohnSamuelKenyon JohnAlbertKnottDJ EnglishPronouncingDictionary 1963 DanielJonesRP EnglishPronouncingDictionary ReceivedPronunciation IPA InternationalPhoneticAlphabet 1888 InternationalPhoneticAssociation Tohaveagoodpronunciationmeans 1 Topronouncecorrectlyallthespeechsoundsofthelanguageandallthecombinationsintheirproperordernotonlyinisolatedwords butalsoinsentences2 Topronouncesentencesfluentlyatthespedrequiredbythesituation withcorrectstresses linkingofsounds rhythm pausesandintonation Theorgansofspeech Nasalcavity 鼻腔Mouthcavity 口腔Tongue 舌Lips 唇Teeth 齿Theteethridge 齿龈Thehardpalate 硬腭Thesoftpalate 软腭uvula 小舌Pharynx 咽头Larynx 喉头Thevocalcords 声带Windpipe 气管 TheclassificationofSpeechsounds Theorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds Fromthepracticalstandpoint speechsoundsaregenerallydividedintoVowelsandConsonants Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords soallvowelsarevoiced InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless Therearetwenty eightconsonantsinEnglish TheEnglishPhonetic i i e a u u ei ai i u au i u p b t d k g f v s z h tr dr ts dz m n r j w VowelsGeneralRemarksontheVowels TheEnglishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups Monophthongs purevowels Diphthongs Monophthongs Therearetwelvemonophthongs Theymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples 1 Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue wedistinguishopenvowels half openvowels half closevowelsandclosevowels 2 Thepartofthetongueraised wedistinguishfront backandcentralvowels 3 Thelengthofthevowel wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones 4 Theposition orshape ofthelips wedistinguishroundedvowelsandunroundedones 5 Thedegreeoftenseness wedistinguishtensevowelsandlaxvowels TheFrontVowels TherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish i i e i isalong closefrontvowel Itisunroundedandtense i isashort half closefrontvowel Itisunroundedandlax e isashort half open unroundedfrontvowel Itisalax isashort open unroundedfrontvowel Itisalax Exampleandpractice i e meevening ee seeweekea sealeave i machinepolice i i shippig y happydaddyui buildguilty ie fieldshield e e twelvesecond a anymanyea heavybreakfastie friend a landmatterfamily TheBackVowels TherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish a u u a isalong open unroundedbackvowel isalong half open roundedbackvowel Itisslightlytense isashort open rounded laxbackvowel u isalong close rounded tensebackvowel u isashort half close rounded laxbackvowel Exampleandpractice a ar hardfarmer a classglassal halfcalf or shortcorn ore morebeforeoor doorfloor our fourpour a washwhato stophotau autumndaughter al callwalk u u blueruler oo moonfood u u put oo footgood oul couldwould ThecentralVowels TherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish isashort half open unroundedcentralvowel Itisalaxone isalong half closeandhalf open unrounded tensecentralvowel isashort half open unrounded laxcentralvowel Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables Exampleandpractice u sunhungry o sonanotherou enoughcoupledoubleyoung er termcertainly ir firstthirdur turnThursday or workwordear learnearly a awaywoman e studentbrokener overmatter Diphthongs Thereareeightdiphthongs Theyaredividedintothreegroups threewithaglidetowards i twowithaglidetowards u threewithaglidetowards TheclosingDiphthongs TherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish ei ai i u au ei beginswith e andglidessmoothlyto i ai glidesfrom a to i Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses i glidesfromapositionbetween and to i u startswith andthenglidesawayto u withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded au startswith a andthenglidesawayto u withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded Exampleandpractice ei a takegate ay staysay ea great ai i sidenice ie tiedie y byshy i oi toiletboilnoise oy boytoy u o notmost oa boatcoatow blowknow au ou housemouse ow nowbrown TheCentringDighthongs Therearethreecentringdiphthongs i u i glidesfrom i to Thelipsarespreadthroughout glidesfromapointbetween e and Thelipsarespread u startsfrom u andglidesto i ea ideareal ear dearnearere here e herozero air chairhair are carefuldareear pearwear ere therewhere u ure sure ua usually Exampleandpractice ConsonantsClassificationofConsonants Consonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtofollowingrules Theworkofthevocalcords2 Placeofarticulation3 Mannerofarticulation WorkoftheVocalCords Voicedconsonants theyareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords Voicelessconsonants theyareproducedwithoutthevibrationofthevocalcords PlaceofArticulation 1 bi labial 双唇音 2 labio dental 唇齿音 3 dental 齿音 4 alveolar 齿龈音 5 post alveolar 后齿龈音 6 palato alveolar 硬腭齿龈音 7 palatal 硬腭音 8 velar 软腭音 9 glottal 喉音 MannerofArticulation 1 plosives 爆破音 2 fricatives 摩擦音 3 affricates 破擦音 4 nasals 鼻音 5 lateral 边音 舌侧音 6 frictionlesscontinuant 无摩擦延续音 7 semi vowels 半元音 MannerofArticulation 1 Plosives Therearethreepairsofplosives bilabial p b Alveolar t d Velar k g Thesound b d g arevoicedplosives TheyareunaspiratedandweakThesound p t k arevoiceless polsives Theyareusuallyaspiratedandstrong Exampleandpractice p isvoiceless bilabial plosive aspiratedstrong b isvoiced bilabial plosive unaspirated weak Practice patbatpaperlabormapbobbyrobber t voiceless alveolar plosive aspirated strong d voiced alveolar plosive unaspirated weak Practice tendadtighttidewriterriderwettingwedding k voiceless velar plosive aspirated strong g voiced velar plosive unaspirated weak Practice couldgoodcotgotweekleekankleangle MannerofArticulation 2 Fricatives Therearenineconsonantsoffricatives f v s z h Theyhavethecommonfeature Forallofthemthelungspushairthroughanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofvariouskinds Exampleandpractice f voiceless labio dental fricative usuallyaspirated strong long v voiced labio dental fricative usuallyunaspirated weak short Practice ahalfsniffabriefloveastiffgloveasafemoveabravebluffagravegrief voiceless dental fricative aspiratedstrong long voiced dental fricative unaspirated weak short Practice thinkthisthiefthesethingwithinsomethingother s voiceless alveolar fricative aspirated strong long z voiced alveolar fricative unaspirated weak short Practice placeplayscoarsecausebusbuzzraceraisefalsefallsnieceknees voiceless palato alveolar fricative aspirated strong long voiced palato alveolar fricative unaspirated weak short h voiceless glottal fricative Practice sh shipwash ss s suresugar tia tie tio partialinitialnation cia cie cio socialconscious sion pensiondiscussionomission sure zure leisuretreasure sion decisionconfusion ge garage h h heathot wh whowhole MannerofArticulation 3 Affricates TherearethreepairsofaffricatesinEnglish theairpassageiscompletelyblockedbyraisingthesoftpalateandraisingthetipofthetonguetotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge tr dr arearticulatedbyraisingthetonguetiptotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge ts dz arearticulatedwiththetonguetipraisedtotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge Exampleandpractice palato alvealar affricate voiceless aspirated strong long palato alveolar affricate voiced unaspirated weak short Practice ch tch churchchairmatcht ure t eous naturepicturet ion questionsuggestion g gentleagegiant j justjokedg e ridgeedgejudge tr post alveolaraffricate voiceless aspirated strong long dr post alveolaraffricate voiced unaspirated weak short Practice treatdraintruedrugtracedrawtraindrop ts alveolaraffricate voiceless aspirated strong long dz alveolaraffricate voiced unaspirated weak short Practice ts ts tes letsfistsbites dz ds des bedsspendsdivides MannerofArticulation 4 Nasals TherearethreenasalconsonantsinEnglish m n Inarticulatingallnasalconsonantsthesoftpalateisloweredandatthesametimethemouthpassageisblockedatsomepointsothatalltheairispushedoutofthenose m themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbyclosingthelipsandtheairpassesthroughthenose n themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbypressingthetongue tipagainsttheteethridge andsidesofthetongueagainstthesidesofthepalate Theairpassesthroughthenose themouthisblockedbythebackofthetonguepressedagainstthesoftpalate Thesoftpalateisloweredandalltheairpassesthroughthenose Exampleandpractice m voicedbilabialnasal n voicedalveolarnasal voicedvelarnasalPractice m m mm meatsummer mb lambthumb mn autumnsolemn n n nn nightsunnyfunnykn knowknifekneelgn signdesign ng singspring n sinkangeruncle MannerofArticulation 5 Lateral ThereisonlyonelateralinEnglish l thetongue tipslightlytouchestheteethridgewhilethesidesofthetongueareloweredtoformaratherwidepassage Theairpassesatthesidesofthetonguewithoutfriction Englishpeopleusetwodifferent l sounds theclear l anddark l Exampleandpractice l isavoicedalveolarlateralconsonant Practice leavefilllatefieldmillonbelttellingholdNote theletterlissilentinanumberofwords e g talkwalkhalfshouldfolk MannerofArticulation 6 Frictionlesscontinuant Thereisonefrictionlesscontinuant r When r isarti