石油英语考试课文.doc

1 Shopping Around the Web 参考译文 网上购物l A Saturday afternoon in mid-December.Not a good time to be hanging around SanFranciscos Union Square，the citys premier shopping districtHundreds of people laden with purchases battle along the pavements， search despairingly for scarce taxis or struggle to get through Macys doors It Is enough to put anybody off shopping for life2 But wait:surely Christmas shopping in 1999 was different. After all, this is close to Silicon Valley， the center of the Internet revolution and the new economy. the land of the tieless billionaires who bought all their presents online at midnight the day after ThanksgivingYet the crowds in Union Square last December were as bad as ever They seemed oblivious of a large billboard advertisement above their heads for one of the Bay Areas many s， which flashed the message:Say Goodbye to the Mall And they paid no attention to the advertisement on many of their shopping bags that pointed a way out of their predicament：“Online Shopping No Experience Needed”3 Electronic commerce， It seems， still has its limits， even in California For all the feverish excitement about the trippling of electronic shopping last holidayseason， the total spent by American consumers online still amounted to only about 1 of all retail sales - barely a tenth of the revenues from another method of distance selling that has been in use for a century：the catalogue And the electronic shopping was concentrated on quite a narrow range of goods： mainly books， toys and musicWorse， the holiday season threw up as many stories falied and late deliveries as of explosive growth And， more recently， a string of hackers attacks have temporarily disabled some of the bestknown e-commerce websites Perhaps retailers in the physical world need not lose much sleep over the Internet，or at least not yet？4 Yet they are losing sleep， and are right to be doing so， for these reasons.The first is that mighty oaks from tiny acorns do grow Electronic commerce may not amount to much at the moment， but it is growing very fast In businesstobusiness transactions， in particular， the advantages and cost savings to be had from dealing on the lnternet have caused e-commerce to mushroom At present， such transactions account for as much as 80 of all e-commerce which ，according to Forrester Research， an lnternet consulting firm, added up to over 150 billion last year Forrester predicts that by 2003 that figure could reach over 3 trillionBut even in the business-to-consumer field， the main subject of this survey， the growth of online commerce has been extremely fast-despite consumers undoubted attachment to their traditional methods of shopping5 The second reason concerns critical mass.In many areas of commerce, the Internet is unlikely to capture more than a few percentage points of the market for several years to come.But even a small share can quickly start to have a big effect In the travel business,for instance, margins are so thin that a loss of only 3-5 of the market to the internet threatens to drive large numbers of traditional travel agents out of business According to S， an online retailers group， in 1999 online penetration of the American travel market had already reached almost 26 The third reason is more worrying still: traditional retailers， for all the strengths of their brand names and their existing relationships with suppliers and custumers ,have found it extrodinarily hard to compete onlineThere are formidable Obstacles that Stand in the offline intermodiaries way.It may turn out that the biggest effect of online business-toconsumer commerce is not its size， but the way it changes the rules of the retailing gameto the evident perplexity of those who have hitherto played it best7 Even so， the place to start is still with the size of the business and how fast it is likely to grow According to Forrester， online businesstoconsumer transaction in American were worth some $20 billion last year,Forrest expects that figure to grow to some $184 billion by 2004.Other analysts,such as Jupitar Communications and the Yankee Group,have come up with similiar predications.A survey by Ernst & Young,another consulting firm,suggests that 39m American shopped online in 1999,and that nearly half of them spent $500 or more.Within just a few years,the Internet could capture 5% of Americas retail market,with other rich countries likely to follow in its wake.By 2010， forecasts Goldman Sachs,an investment bank， electronic shopping could account for 15-20 of retail sales.Jeff Mallett，president of Yahoo！,the biggest Internet portal，predicts that online retailing will grow as fast as e-mail”参考译文：网上购物1在十二月中旬的周六下午，去旧金山的主要商业联合广场逛街口可不是件轻松的事。成百上千的人带着大大小小的购物袋拥挤在人行道上，有的在拼命地寻找着出租车，有的在尽力地挤出莫西商场的门口。这种经历足以让所有人从此对购物望而却步。2但是且慢，1999年的圣诞购物应该有所不同吧 ？毕竟靠近网络革命和新经济的中心硅谷。在这里那些不戴领带的百万富翁们早在感恩节第二天的午夜就把礼物买好了。然而去年的联合广场依旧是人潮如涌。他们似乎根本就看不见头顶上一家海湾地区的网络公司所做的大幅广告，上面闪烁着“对商场说再见吧”的字样。许多购物袋上印着的“在线购物，勿须经验”的广告给人们指明了摆脱购物困扰的途径，但他们也熟视无睹。3看来即使在加州，电子商务也存在着局限。虽然上一个假日人们为电子购物营业额增长了两倍而欣喜若狂，但所有美国人在线购物额也不过是总零售额的1，仅是目录购物己有一百多年历史的另种远程购物方式的十分之一。另外，电子购物仅仅局限于某些商品，主要是书籍、抗具。音乐等。更为糟糕的是，假日期间伴随着业务增长的喜讯的是一起又一起的投递失败和晚点的事件。近来一系列的黑客攻击事件导致一些著名电子商务网站暂时关闭。或许现实世界中的零售商还用不着为因特网失眠，或者至少现在不用？4然而，他们失眠了。有三条理由使得他们的担心不是杞人忧天。首先，橡果虽小，足以长成参天大树。电子商务目前看来虽不足为虑，但其增长速度很快。尤其在商家对商家的交易模式中，由于因特网交易的优势和成本的降低，使得此类电子商务迅速增长。现在商家对商家的交易模式的交易量占电子商务总交易量的80。根据一家因特网咨询公司，弗里斯特调查公司的调查，去年电子商务交易总额达1，500多亿美元。弗里巴斯特调查产公司预言到2003年这一数字将达到3万亿美元。即使在这次调查的主要项目，商家对消费者的交易模式中，其增长速度也极为迅速，尽管消费者仍旧对传统的购物方式难以割舍。5第二个原因跟临界点有关。在商业和零售业的许多领域，因特网在几年中不会占据太多的市场份额，但是这一部分份额可能会产生巨大的影响。例如在旅游业中，由于利润空间狭小，即使失去35%的份额也会使大量的传统旅游代理失去饭碗。根据一家在线零售集团，的统计，1999年在线旅游业务已占据了美国旅游市场总额的将近2%。6第三个原因更加使传统的零售业头疼。尽管有强大的品牌号召力，与供货商及消费者有着良好的关系，他们仍然发现同电子商务进行竞争非常困难。传统零售业面临着难以逾越的障碍。商家面向消费者的在线购物所产生的最大的影响或许并不在于其规模，而是它改变零售业游戏规则的方式-而到现在为止，传统零售业一直是这套游戏规则的最大赢家，他们显然感到困惑。7.虽然如此，我们仍然可以从在线购物的业务规模及其增长速度来判断它的发展趋势。根据弗里斯特调查公司的调查，去年美国商家面向消费者的在线购物交易额大约为200亿美元，预计到2004年将达到1，840亿美元。其他一些公司例如米彼特通信公司和美国集团公司通过分析也得出类似的结论。另一家咨询公司厄尼斯特扬公司的调查表明1999年有三千九百万美国人通过网络购物，其中大约一半花费了500美元以上。几年之后，美国5的零售市场将被网络占据，其他一些富裕的国家也会紧随其后。到 2010年，一家投资银行古得曼塞奇预测，电子购物将占据零售市场的15一20。因特同最大的门户网站 Yahoo的总裁杰夫马莱预言在线零售业将像 email一样快速发展。2 Disputes over Domain Names 参考译文：域名之争 l Unsuspecting fans of Madonna would until recently have got a shock if they had linked to Instead of photos of the American singer With her new baby， they Would have found pornoography SiteMadonna Louise Ciccone has filed a complaint with the Genevabased World Intellectual Property Organization（WIPO） against Dan Parisi， owner of the site WIPO has appointed an arbitrator and a decision is expected on September 16th 2 This is the latest in a string of highprofile domainname disputes between famous people and lesser mortals， who are accused of registering Internet domain names with the express purpose of extorting hefty sums from the domains rightful ownerThe Internet Corpration for Assigned Names and Numbers （ICANN）， the technical body responsible for overseeing the allocation of domainnames， set up aprocedure. In December last year to resolve cases outside the legal system But identifying and deciding such cases is harder than it sounds And ICANNs decision to create new domains， which it is in the process of doing， may even make the problem worse 3 Domain names are handed out on a first-come, first-served basisTrademarks， by contrast， are harder to get so one mans trademark often turns out to be somebody elses domain name In the first seven months of the new disputes procedure， WIPO， one of the four organizations which appoints arbitrators in disputes， has been swamped with a steadily rising number of cases An actress， Julia Roberts， an author， Jeanette winterson， and an Irish prime minister， Bertie Ahem， have already successfully pursued“stolen” domain names through ICANNs procedure 4ICANNs policy determines whether or not the dispute concerns a genuine case of cybersquatting on the basis of three tests It asks whether the name is “identical or confusingly similar” to the trademark of the aggrieved， whether the domain holder has a legitimate interest in the name and whether it was registeredin bad faith A British rock musician， Sting， Lost his case because his adversary established that he had been using“Sting” as an alias in online games for years5Stings defeat was unusual：83 of the cases brought to WIPO have gone in favor of the trademark holder Andrew McLaughlin of ICANN argues that these figures are not alarming but rather evidence that the policy is being used for the purpose for which it was intended6. Michael Froomkin, professor of law at the University of Miami, is not so sure. He believes that arbitrators have not got the message that the policy was meant to apply only to the clearest cases of abuse. The result is a procedure biased in favor of the trademark holder,which,Mr. Froomkin argues,damages the consumers right to use the internet for purposes other than capitalism-such as tree speech, posting pictures of your children, or parody.7. He cites the example of B, which lost its name to Barcelonas city council even though its site was used to post information about the city. Dan Parisi crops up again he got into trouble earlier this year when he registered names of large corporations followed by sucks-as in . Arbitrators were not amused, ruling that unwal-y consumers might confuse these sites with the trademark holders own.8. Mr. Froomkin believes that these are examples of ICANNs policy being poorly applied. Mr. McLaughlin points out that complaimants can still take their case to court if they lose.9. How the problem will be affected by ICANNs decision to introduce an extra set of top level domains (TLDs) in addition to .corn, .net and .org remains to be seen. Francis Gurry, director of WIPO, says that the extra TLDs may lessen the pressure on the most precious domain of all-.corn. He admits, though, that companies may feel compelled to register as many of the new domains as possible to protect their brand.10. Which leads Mr. Froomkin to argue that the introduction of a limited number of extra TLDs will simply exacerbate the problem of shortage economics that provides the incentive to cybersquat in the first place. The assumption will be that the extra TLDs will be the only new ones, and the consequent rush to register will drive prices up and make cybersquatting an even more profitable pastime. If, on the other hand, there were an unlimited supply of TLDs-new ones every year, perhaps-it would be virtually impossible to corner the market. This means that the price of TLDs would also drop, sending the cybersquatters in search of a more lucrative profession. 参考译文：域名之争1美国歌星麦当娜的忠实追随者们如果最近上过wwwmadonnacom这个网站的话，肯定大吃一惊。他们会发现这是一个黄色站点，上面并没有她与幼子的照片。麦当娜已向日内瓦的国际知识产权组织对该网站的所有者丹啪里斯进行投诉。国际知识产权组织已经委派一名仲裁官员处理此事，预计九月十六日将会作出裁定。2这是最近发生的又一起域名之争。域名注册者被指控使用名人名字抢注域名，借以向域名的正当拥有者索取巨额金钱。由于现行法律中并没有相关的条款，负责因特网域名分配的技术组织问(ICANN) 在去年十二月建立了一套程序处理此类问题。然而，认定并处理此类问题并非易事。ICANN 创建新域名的决定也正在实施中，但这或许使问题更糟。3域名不象商标那样难以获得，因为它的分配遵循先注册，先拥有的原则。所以家公司的商标成为另一家公司的域名的事常有发生。新的争议处理程序出台之后的七个月中，作为有权委派仲裁官员的四家组织之一的国际知识产权组织受理的案件持续增长。一位女演员，朱丽叶罗伯特，一位作家，珍奈特温特逊，以及爱尔兰总理，伯蒂艾亨都以通过ICANN的新的裁定程序成功地得到了被偷走的域名。4ICANN使用三条标准来测定此类争议是否真正具有侵占他人域名的性质。首先要看被注域名是否与侵权者的名字相同或相似，以至于引起混淆。其次，域名持有者是否对该域名有合理的兴趣。最后，域名持有者是否有恶意注册的嫌疑。斯丁是英国的一位摇滚歌手，他在同其对手的争议中败下阵来，因为后者几年中一直使用斯丁作为在线游戏中的别名。5斯丁的失利只是个别情况。在WIPO所受理的案件中有83的案件作出了有利于商标持有人的判决。ICANN的安得鲁迈克劳林声称这一数字不足为奇，它只是证明了ICANN所制定的政策正如同人们预期的那样发挥作用。6迈阿密大学的法学教授迈克弗路姆肯对此则不以为然。他认为仲裁者忽视了一个问题，即只有明确认定侵权事实的案件才可以适用该政策，否则裁定结果会有利于名称所有人，有违公平原则。而消费者不以获利为目的的使用互联网的权利，如自由言论，张贴孩子的照片或模仿等也会受到侵害。7他举出的例证包括Barcelonacorn。后者是一个用于发布巴塞罗那市新闻的网站，但还是输给了该市的市议会。还有丹帕里斯的另一个例子。今年初他注册了一些在大公司后面加上“SuckS”的域名，例如和W。仲裁者们并不欣赏他的幽默，因为他们认为消费者或许会把他们误认为这些大公司自己的网站。8弗路姆肯认为上述例证说明ICANN的政策没有得到很好的实施。迈克劳林则指出如果败诉当事人可以向法庭提起诉讼。9. ICANN已决定在（.com，net和org 之外起用另外套一级域名，但其对解决域名争议的作用如何，我们只能拭目以待。国际知识产权组织的主任弗朗西斯加利指出增加一套级城名或许可以减轻最为稀缺的（.com域名的压力，但他也承认，公司为了保护他们的品牌也会不得不注册尽量多的新域名。10弗路姆肯却由此得出不同的结论。他认为域名抢注的根源在于短缺经济便抢注者有利可图，而有限的域名资源会使域名抢夺更加激烈。假使这是最后一批新增域名，则激烈的域名抢注浪潮会使域名价格更为高涨，从而也使域名抢注更加有利可图。但是，如果没有一级域名的限制，比如，每一年都有新的推出，就不会再出现垄断市场的情况。域名价格随之下降，而抢注者也会去寻找利润更为丰厚的职业。 6. Permeability1. Permeability is the ability of the formation to conduct fluids. From usage the name for fluid conductance capacity of a formation is permeability. It is a property of the porous medium and is measure of capacity of the medium to transmit fluids. The measurement of permeability, then, is a measure of the fluid conductivity of the particular material. It can be determined from samples extracted from the formation or by in-place testing. Two methods are used to evaluate the permeability of cores. The method most used on clean, fairly uniform formations utilizes small cylindrical samples, perm plugs. The second method uses full-diameter core samples in length of 1 -1.5 ft. The fluid used with either method may be gas or any nonreactive liquid.2. So far permeability is referred to rock conditions where a single-phase fluid saturation was considered. In petroleum reservoirs, however, the rocks are usually saturated with two or more fluids, such as interstitial water, oil, and gas. Effectivepermeability is introduced here to describe the simultaneous flow of more than one fluid. In the definition of effective permeability each fluid phase is considered to be completely independent of the other fluids in the flow network.3. The effective permeability is a relative measure of the conductance of the porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is saturated with more than one fluid. This definition of effective permeability implies that the medium can have a distinct and measurable conductance to each phase present in the medium.4. Experiments have established that effective permeability is a function of the prevailing fluid saturation, the rock-wetting characteristics, and the geometry of the pores of the rock. It becomes necessary, theretfore, to specify the fluid saturation when stating the effective permeability of any particular fluid in a given medium. The effective permeability is stated as some numerical value at some given saturate conditions. Just as k is the accepted symbol for permeability, K0, kw,and kg, are the respected symbols for the effective permeability to oil, water, and gas respectively. The saturations, if known, should be specified to define completely the conditions at which a given effective permeability exists. Unlike the previously defined permeability, many values of effective permeability now exist, one for each particular condition of fluid saturation.5. Effective permeabilities are normally measured directly in the laboratory on small core samples. However, owing to the many possible combinations of saturation for a single medium, Laboratory data are usually summarized and reported as relative permeability. Relative permeability is defined as the effective ratio of the effective permeability of a fluid at a given value of saturation to the effective permeability of that fluid at 100 per cent saturation. It is normally assumed that the effective permeability is the same for all fluids at 100 per cent saturation, this permeability being denoted as the permeability of this porous medium.6. In addition, there are many instances when, not two fluids, but three fluids exist in the rock simultaneously. Thus two-phase relative permeability data had to be amplified and extended for three-phase systems.参考译文：渗透率1渗透率是岩层传导流体的能力。从用法上讲，渗透率就是流体传导能力的术语。它是多孔介质的性质之一，是对介质传导流体能力的量度。因此渗透率的测量是对特定物质流体传递能力的测量。它可通过采集的岩层样品或现场测量来确定。有两种方法可用来测量岩芯的渗透率。对含泥很少、相当均质的岩层最常用的方法是利用小圆柱体泼姆塞样品。第二种方法是利用外径为l15英尺岩芯样品。两种方法中的流体为气体或任意不发生化学反应的流体。2目前讲到的渗透率只涉及只考虑单相流体的饱和的岩石的条件。然而在储油层中，岩石通常被两种或更多的流体饱和，如间隙水、油和气。有效渗透率描述多种流体同时流动的情况。在有效渗透率的定义中，每一相被认为与流体网络的其它流体相互独立。3有效渗透率是在多孔介质被多种流体饱和时，对单一流体相孔隙介质传导性的相对量度。这一有效渗透率定义意味着介质对存在于其中的每一种流体有明显的和可测量的传导性。4实验证实有效渗透率是岩石中占主导地位的流体的饱和度、湿润岩石性质和岩石孔隙几何形状的函数。当陈述特定介质中任何一种流体的有效渗透率时，有必要具体说明流体的饱和度。有效渗透率用在一定饱和条件下的数值表示。如果人被用来表示渗透率，则K0 , kw和 kg,。分别代表油、水和气的有效渗透率。如果己知饱和度，就应将其详细说明来定义特定有效渗透率的存在条件。与上文所定义的渗透率不同，渗透率有许多数值，每一个数值都表示流体饱和的特定条件。5有效渗透率一般是在实验室中对小体积岩芯样品直接测量得出的。然而由于对于单一介质中流体饱和度有许多可能的组合，回此实验室所获得的数据常常被归纳和陈述为相对渗透率的数据。相对渗透率被定义为在一定的饱和度时流体的有效渗透率与流体在百分之百饱和时的有效渗透率的有效比值。通常假设所有流体在百分之百饱和时的有效渗透率是相等的，某一渗透中特指某一多孔介质的渗透率。6此外，在许多情况下不是两种而是三种流体问时存在于岩石中。回此，两相相对渗透率必须拓展为三相相对渗透率，以适应三相流体体系。7. Becoming Wealthy: Its UP to You 参考译文：致富取决于你自己1. Critics often speak of the rich with none-too-subtle disdain, as if those atthe very top of the income ladder are all dishonest people or as if becoming rich is difficult and means others must become poorer. While we would be the first to admit that some rich people are dishonest, we must add that achieving the status of the rich (defined, say, by having a net worth of $1,000,000) is not particularly difficult, contrary to popular wisdom. The rules for acquiring substantial wealth are few, simple. This fact suggests that becoming rich for most Americans is a matter of choice. 2. One of the rules for being rich is to avoid frivolous temptations. That is easier said than done, and we do not necessarily recommend that all people should lead a pure and joyless life. We mean only to point out that the great majority of those four percent of Americans who have $1,000,000 in net worth get to where they are because they control their pleasures. For example, rich Americans buy cars that are on average only slightly more expensive than those less wealthy Americans buy.3. Being able to save and accumulate considerable wealth is not automatic. People must have a reasonable income in order to save amounts that will make for wealth, which requires severa l auxiliary rules for achieving an income level that will allow for a minimum saving level. For most