第二章 词性及其在句中的成分.doc

第二章 词类及其在句中的成分一、词性英语词汇按其功能通常分为十大类。而根据其句法功能和形式特征，这十类词又可以分为实词（notional word）和虚词（form word）。名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词都具有实际意义，可以在句子中独立担当成分，所以叫实词；冠词、介词、连词、感叹词都没有具体意义，不能在句子中担当成分，所以叫虚词。词类表：名称汉译缩写式例词词义Noun名词n.pen钢笔Pronoun代词pron.we我们Adjective形容词adj.great伟大的Numeral数词num.four四Verb动词v.write写Adverb副词adv.quickly快Article冠词art.a, thePreposition介词prep.from从Conjunction连词conj.and, unless和；除非Interjection感叹词inter.Oh, well噢；哦二、实词的主要用法1. 名词：表示人、事物或抽象概念的词。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、同位语等。 The man bought a car yesterday. ( man和car分别充当主语和宾语 ) She was made monitor. ( monitor充当补语 ) The boy student is from Canada. (boy作定语修饰主语student; Canada作介词from的宾语) Lily, a teacher, is interesting. (Lily作主语；teacher是Lily的同位语)温馨提示名词有时候还可以作状语或独立成分。Wait a minute！ (作状语，修饰的词wait)Kendy, could you please close the window? (作独立成分)试一试用下划线标出句中的名词 David wants to learn English well. Tim is considered a good student. The air conditioner works well. Flu, a common disease, has no cure.2. 代词代词可分为7大类：人称代词personal pronoun主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代词possessive pronoun形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 反身代词reflexive pronounmyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself 指示代词 demonstrative pronounthis, that, these, those, it, such, same 疑问代词 interrogative pronounwho, whom, whose, which, what 关系代词 relative pronounwho, whom, whose, which, that, as 不定代词 indefinite pronounsome, something, somebody, someone, any, anything, anybody, anyone, no, nothing, nobody, no one, every, everything, everybody, everyone, each, much, many, little, a little, few, a few, other, another, all, none, one, both, either, neither3. 形容词：用来描写或修饰名词（代词）的词。在句中可作定语、表语和补语等。 I spent a sleepless night. (作定语，修饰night) I am glad to see you. (作表语，描写I ) Please get everything ready for the test. (作补语)试一试标出句中形容词并写出其汉语意思 A good boy must behave himself. _ It is nice of you to give me so much help. _ The room was found empty. _4. 数词：表示数目多少货顺序先后的词。可分为基数词和序数词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语或状语。 作主语Thirteen is an unlucky number. 作表语She was the fifth to arrive. 作宾语The shirt is worth 300 yuan. 作定语August is the eighth month of the year. 作同位语Are you two reading? 作状语He came second in the race.5. 动词动词是表示动作或存在状态的词。动词分为：实意动词、连系动词、助动词及情态动词。 实意动词：实意动词又分为及物和不及物动词。能直接带宾语的叫及物动词（transitive verb）; 不能直接带宾语的叫不及物动词（intransitive verb）。两种动词在句中均作谓语。My daughter opened the door for me. ( open为及物动词，后带宾语the door)We are studying in senior high school now. (study后没有带宾语，为不及物动词) 连系动词（linking verb）是一个表示某物或人的状态或特征的动词，后接表语。He is a well-rounded student.The dish tastes good.常用的连系动词有：be, become, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, grow, seem, appear, keep, stay等。 情态动词（modal verbs）: 表示情感态度，在句中不能单独作谓语，只能与实意动词一起构成谓语部分。它们有shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought to等。You should wash your hands before you eat.David can speak several languages.(4) 助动词 协助谓语动词完成各种句型的词叫助动词（auxiliary verbs）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。He doesnt like English. ( does是助动词，无词义；帮助主要动词变成否定意义) 助动词协助主要动词构成下列结构或加强语气：a. 时态。He is singing. (助动词be与实意动词的-ing形式连用构成进行时态)He has married. （助动词have与实意动词的过去分词形式连用构成完成时态）He will give us a lecture on how to learn English. (助动词will与实意动词连用构成将来时态)b. 语态。He was sent to England. (助动词be与实意动词的过去分词形式连用构成被动语态)c. 疑问句。Do you like college life?Did you learn English before you came here?d. 否定句。I dont like him.e. 加强语气。Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 最常用的助动词有：a. be 构成进行时态或被动语态；b. have/ has/ had 构成完成时态；c. do/does/did 用于谓语动词是一般式的否定、疑问句中或者表示强调；d. shall, will, should, would 构成将来时。6. 副词副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念；在句中常作状语。It rained heavily. (修饰动词rain)Learning English well is quite useful. (修饰形容词useful)He got up early enough to catch the first train. (修饰副词early)Hopefully, we can get home before dark. (修饰整个句子)学以致用猜猜下列各句划线词的词性及中文意思。1. The heavy rains also pounded Shanghai and Zhejiang province, but no details of the damage have been released.2. Shanghai has set up a municipal-level community service center for foreign business headquarters at Putuo district as part of its effort to promote the citys ec