英语短文练习题.doc

文题之间词汇转换本堂目标 识别短句问答题干与文章中的词汇转换，培养不同词汇之间的转换意识。 30分听讲在短句问答题中，识别提干对原文的转换是最基本的。题干通过各种不同表达方式的转换，或词汇转化或句法转化来增加考生识别原文信息的难度。实际上，把握这种转换，对于考生快速找到答案出处具有关键作用。经过我们对历年真题的研究，发现题干和原文在词汇方面的转换形式主要有以下几种。一 不同词形之间、近义词或短语之间的转换单个单词之间的转换是最常见的。这种转换包含两种。第一种是将原文中的动词、名词形容词、副词在题干中变成了别的词性的词，当然句子结构也会同时发生变化。比如possession, alternative变成了alternatively。第二种是将原文中的某个单词转换成了它的近义词，如将victory变成了success,或者是将它转换成了在逻辑上的近义词，如将victory变成了finish,甚至再加上词性转换变成了finishing.逻辑近义词的识别较难。真题示题1 原文 There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be considered beautiful. 题目 47. Where do girls get the notion that they need to be thin in order to be considered beautiful?_解析 From TV and fashion magazines. 题干中的get 对应首段句中giving，notion对应ideas后的同位语从句内容与文中ideas about后的宾语从句相同，故giving前的动作发出者即为这种观念的来源。由于问题是整句且疑问词为where ，所以答案也应为整句，句首需加介词from,故答案为From TV and fashion magazines.原文One of the top track coaches in the in the U,S. Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the dwsign of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent 题目 47.while serving as a track coach ,Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were _解析Lighter and more shock-absorbent 有题干中的bowerman定位答案处。句中的in an attempt to 同义转述为题干中的tried to ；题干中的that 引导的定语从句描述的是running shoes 的特点，故为答案。真题示例3 原文、United93 is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11,2001,and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. 题目 48.The movie “united 93”is sure to give rise to _ 解析An emotional debate .本题的线索词是：United 93”,从而将答案出处锁定。题干中的sure 与certain 是同义转述，give rise to 是ignite (引发)的同义转述，所以ignite 后的宾语an emotional debate即为答案。词汇、短语、句子之间的转换 这里的转换这的是不同一个层面上的转换，这结构性转换，就是把词汇变成了短语或句子，把短语变成了句子或单词，或者把句子变成短语或单词，或者一种句子结构变另一种句子结构，这种转换的幅度比前一种的幅度大。题干是对原文意思的展开火精简。如将原文一句话中承接前文的一个副词accordingly转换成了because 引导的一个从句，从句中加入了前文中的信息。真题示例1 原文Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the companys officials of the potential in the US 题目 During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company than its product would have 解析The potential in the U.S. 题干中的convince sb that.是对原文中convince sb of sth 的同义转述，是原文的短语转化为题干的从句。真题示例2 原文In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal;.50题目 In the earl years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out _ 解析Informally.题干中的communication was usually carried out 是对原文communication was informal 的同义转述，两句中的谓语发生了结构性的转换。Informal为形容词，故应将其该为副词informally.明否定与暗否定之间的转换明否定是指明显的否定词，它有两种形式，一种本身就是否定词，如not, neither , nothing等。另一种是带有表示否定意义的前缀或后缀的词，如un-,im-, non-, dis-,de-,-less 等.暗示否定没有否定标志，但是本身具有某种消极意义的词，如fail,lack,ill,exclude,failure,cancel,delete等。真题示例1 原文The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field. 题目49. Blue Ribbon Sports was unable to hire experts due to the absence of _in North America.解析Established athletic footwear industry . 句子中的明否定did not 转换成了明否定unable ;句子中的明否定no 转换成题干中的暗否定absence. 真题示例2原文 They often find themselves excluded from mothers support networks, and are eyed warily on the playground .题目47. Unlike women ,men often get little support or information from _解析 Mother s support network .该段末句明确提到了they.excluded from mothers support networks, 题干将原文中暗否定词excluded from 转换正明否定词little. 明比较与暗比较级之间的转换明比较指的是有明显的比较级标志，如worse, better, best, worst ,more, less, most, least,-er,-est.暗比较指的是单词/短语本身含有（使）使某事物的数量、质量、状态发生了变化的意思，如shorten, enlarge, worsen, relieve, increase, decrease, outdo等真题示例原文We ease out consciences, shulman writes, by describing these people as “lowskilled” though theyre not important or intelligent enough to deserve more. 题目49 Some Americans try to make themselves feel guity by attributing the poverty of the poverty of the working people to _解析 （their）lack of skill/ (their) low skill.目中的明比较短语feel less guilty 是原文中的暗比较短语ease our consciences 的转换。Attributing对应原文中的describing。原文中的these people 的是前文中的处于poverty level 的人们。Attribute。to 结构要填入一个名词性短语。 二 大文中常设题处本堂目标 学会在阅读时识别常设题处，以此来提高阅读效率，明确做题时应该重点留意何处。 30 分钟 听讲命题者在设题时，必然有一定的倾向性，一篇文章在那些地方常设题是有一定规律的。考生如果掌握了这些对应的规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，在这些可能会出题的地方轻轻划上记号，等看完短文开始做题时，针对题干中的关键词，迅速找到做记号的地方，再仔细分析、查找确定答案。这样就能节省不少时间，避免通读全文和做题的盲目性。 我们在研究、总结了近10年的六级真题，发现主要有以下10处容易成为设题处；一 篇首 、篇尾、段首、段尾、处参考 根据前一堂讲到的文章模式，篇首或段首往往是文章开门见山地提出主题火中心思想；篇尾或段尾处一般是概括或总结性的陈述，经常会总结中心思想、得出某种结论或建议。 因此，文章的篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处经常被当作设题处，而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，容易出主旨大意题或推理判断题。真题示例 原文 ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well,or a creature that out-lived the dinosaur will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how a creature so ugly could have won so much affection .题目56. the last sentence of the passage is ment to _. A persuade human beings to show more affection for turtles B stress that even th most ugly species should be protected C call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles survival D warn our descendants about the extinction of species解析 选B 。 篇尾处设题。最后一句话提到，我们必须着手处理这些问题，否则，这种比恐龙寿命还要长的生物将会在人类的手下灭绝。结合前文提到的各种威胁导致海龟数量下降可知，“处理这些问题”这的除掉这些威胁，让海龟不灭绝很显然，作者是在呼吁人们采取措施，故答案为C ，其中的effective measure es to 对应文中的get a handle on 。二 转折处参考作者常常会借转折词连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的写作目的、观点或态度，因此出题人经常会围绕转折词前后内容来设题。篇章阅读中常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词有howevre,but, yet ,nevertheless,while,though,at the same time 等。另外，indeed,in fact,virtually,practically也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。真题示例原本 】 No , in this consumerisage ,most buyers arent evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer product -like a car or clothes or a house . And with such purchases,price is only one of many crucial factors to conseder .题目In this consumerist age, most parents _.A regard college education as a wise investment B place a premium on the prestige the collegeC think it crucial to send their childen to college D consider college education a consumer product解析 选d 。转折处设题。文中提到，在这个消费年代，大多数买主不是把上大学看作投资，而是看作消费品。结合上文提到的家庭支付上大学的费用以及下文提到的college student (or，money accurately，their parents)willingness to pay 可知，这里的“买主”指的其实是“家长”，故答案为（D），其中的consideras对应文中的evaluatingas。三 观点态度处常考文章中表达作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度地方或涉及的其他人或组织机构观点或态度也常受出题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现say, deem, think(of),believe, consider, argue, contend, determine等观点态度的词以及doubt,appreciate , hate,against, 等表达感情色彩的词语，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式（祈使句、感叹句、反问句等）。真题示例原文 But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying ,as well as studying ,can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.题目57 Whats the opinion of economists about going to college ?A huge amounts of money is being wasted on campus socializing.B it doess pay to run into debt to receive a college education C college education is rewarding in spite of the starting costsD going to college doesnt necessarily bring the expected returns解析 选C 人物观点社体。文中提到，经济学家说，那些即将要负债来支付四年的聚会和学习费用的家庭可以从以下事实得到一些安慰；上大学时一项投资这项投资将有巨大的红利回报。很显然，答案为C， 其中的rewarding 对应文中的yield huge dividends，staringcosts对应 go into debt to fund。因果关系处常考因果关系处表示因果关系的句子也是命题者所青睐的出题处，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系的句子倒过来考，因此选型中因变成了果、果变成了因，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。表示很明显因果关系的词语有；because, because of, for, since, as, thus,so, therefore, due to,owing to,cause,as a result, result from , result in, reason, result, consequence, consequently,in consequence. 表示不太明显的因果关系的词语有：if , unless, originate, from,lead to, attribute,to ,derive form, base,basis等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。真题示例原文 Competition from overseas led farmers to specialise and increase yields. Throuhout this period food became cheaper ,safer and more reliable.However,these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity .题目 53. Specialisation and the effort to increase yields have resulted in _.A localized pollution B the shrinking of farmland C competition from overseasD the decrease of biodiversity解析 选D 因果关系处设题。文中提到，来自海外的竞争迫使农民转向专业化生产并提高产量。第四句提到农民这么做的负面结果；导致动物栖息地的丧失和生物多样化的锐减。题干中的resulted in 对应原文的led to选项 D中的decrease of biodiversity是对原文的diminshing biodiversity 的同义转述，故答案为 D五 特殊标点处常考特殊标点符号主要包括：破折号（主要表解释或补充说明）；括号（主要表示解释）；冒号（主要表示解释或列举）；引号（主要表引用或引导内内容有特殊含义）；分号（主要表并列或进一步解释说明）等等。出题人经常会针对这些特殊标点的前后设题，考查考生对特殊标点含义及前后内容的准确理解。真题示例原文 A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the labor-market premium to skill or the amount college graduates earned thats greater than what high-school graduates earned-decreased for much of the 20 th century,but has comes back with a vengeance (报复性地)since the 1980s.题目58. the two Harvard econonmists note in their study that,for much of the 20 th century,_.A enrollment kept decreasing in virtually all American college and universities B the labor marke preferred high-school gradu ates to college graduatesC competition for university admissions was farmoer fierce than today D the gap between the earmings of college and high-shool graduates narrowed解析选d 。 破折号设题。文中提到，2008年哈弗大学的两位经济学者所做的一项研究指出，“技能带来的劳动力市场额外收益”-或者说大学毕业生比高中毕业生挣得钱多的那部分钱-在20世纪的大部分时间都在下降，但是从20世纪80年代起，开始回升。从第二个破折号前后内容可知，答案为D ，其中的the gap graduates对应文中的the amountearned， narrowed 对应decreased .六 引言处常考说明文或者议论文中经常引用他人的观点来支持、佐证作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。考生需要识别，此时通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。真题示例原文 “The threat is from commercial fishing ,”says Griffin. Trawlers(which dray large nets through the water and along the ocean floor ) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles )take a heavy toll on turtles .54 . What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turles according to Elizabeth Griggin?A their inadequate food supplyB Unregulated commercial fishing C their lower reproductive ability.D comtamination of sea water 解析 选C 。 引言设题处 。根据Griffin的话“威胁来自商业捕鱼”和紧随其生后提到的托捞船（那些拖着从水里或沿着水底前进的大网的船）和长线捕鱼船（在绵延数里的鱼网上布满上千个鱼钩）使海龟受到重创可知，对海龟的生存造成威胁的主要是无节制的捕捞。题干中的constitutes a major thear to 对应文中的take a heavy toll on , (B) unregulated commercial fishing 对应文中的trawlers和longline fishers,故答案为 B 七 特殊句、复杂句常考篇章阅读题经常考查的特殊句式包括强调句、倒装句、虚拟语气句，以及包含notbut，prefer doing to doing ,world ratherthan 等特殊结构的句子，这些句子中经常暗含作者想要表达的某种观点，持有的态度或想要陈述的事实细节。包含插入语、同位语、各种从句、非谓语动词短语等多个附庸和修饰成分的复杂句也常常是篇章阅读命题的重点。解答这类题时，考生一定要注意句子的层次逻辑关系。真题示例原文 The very ambition we impose on our chidren may get some into Harvard but may also set them uo for disappointment.One study fond that, other things being equal ,graduates of highly selective school experienced more job dissatisfaction . They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoinst them .题目61。 One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that _.A they earn less than their peers from other institutionsB they turn out to be less competitive in the job marke C they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduationD they overemphasize their qualifications in job applications解析 选C ,非谓语动词所在句处命题。本题考查家长逼孩子进入名校的后果。该段一项研究结果为证据，相同条件下，名校毕业生会在未来的工作中有更多的不满。故答案为 C八 对比、比较处常考阅读文章中的对比常常表现为两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。这些对比或比较关系经常会受到出题人的青睐。篇章阅读中常见的表示对比或比较关系的词或短语有while，whereas，than，compared with， in contrast to,like ,unlike ,until, not so much as等。解题时要留意这些词或短语，并注意出现比较级、最高级的地方，另外要注意弄清对比或比较对象。真题示例原文 its also a potential economic problem ,since a declining dollar maker imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.题目 53。 How does the current dollar affect life of ordinary A-mericans?A they have to cancel their vacations in new engglang B they find it unaffordable todine in mom-and pop restaurantsC they have to spend more money when buying imported goodsD They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems 解析 选C 。比较设题处。文中提到美元贬值对经济的两个影响：进口食品价格上涨、给利率施加了上涨的压力。九 并例、列举、举例常考并列、列举处是指用First(Iy)Second（ly）Third(ly)Finally;not only but also;also; In addition ;Furthermore; Moreover; Above all; On the one hand ，on the other hand