词性 句子成分 五大基本句型.doc

词性 句子成分 五大基本句型英语语言中的语言单位按从小到大的顺序一般分为：词-短语-句子。学好词类是学好英语的关键。英语中的词根据词义，形式特征和在句中担当作用的不同大致分为以下十种：词类 作用 例词实词名词 n 表示人或事物名称 work, phone形容词 adj 描述人或事物的特征 brave, big数词 num 表示数目或顺序 two, second代词 pron 代替名词或数词 it , they动词 v 表示动作或状态 run ,know副词 adv 描述动作或状态的特征 very, carefully 以上6种词类可以在英文句子中独立地担当句子成份（如名词做主语，宾语等，动词做谓语），称为实词。虚词冠词 art 用在名词前，帮助说明其意义a, an, the介词 prep 用在名词或代词前说明其别 for, at, in 的词的关系连词 conj 用来连接词与词，或句与句 and, if感叹词 用来表示说话时的感情和口气 oh, aha以上4种词都不能在句中独立担当句子成分，称为虚词。词和词之间的搭配关系有些常见规则，例如：1. 形容词，数词通常用来修饰名词2. 副词常修饰动词，形容词和副词本身3. 介词后面必须跟名词或代词，所以介词不可能单独出现，而必须与它后面的名词或代词一起构成介词短语才行。在学习和记忆英文单词时要注意以下几点：1. 首先要关注-词性分清词类（词性）是学好英语单词的第一个关键。同样的一个意思，在句中出现的位置不同(充当的成分作用不同)所用的词也不同。eg: I wish you success. Well succeed. It was a successful party. We successfully crossed the river.2. 其次要关注-一词多义和一词多性 同样一个词，在不同场合有时有不同的词义和词性。例如：1) work He works hard every day. I have a lot of work to do. the works of Shakespeare. 2) round I want a round table. Lets sit round the table. Let me show you around. We round the lips to say “oo”. 3) present a birthday/Christmas present present sb with sth He wants to change his present job.3. 学习不同词性的词，侧重点也不同。 1). 动词是否及物(return: vi返回; vt归还)和动词的一些常用搭配。 2). 名词是否可数(work: U工作; C作品)4.要知道一些常见的词缀，可以有助于猜词和扩大词汇量。care careful carelesscarefully carelessly carefulness carelessness句子成分 句子成分是由作用不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是有单词构成，也可以是词组或从句。英语句子有两个最为重要的成分那就是主语和谓语。主语：一般由名词或起名词作用的人或一些成分（如短语或从句）担任。谓语：主要是由动词或动词短语担任。起次要作用的是宾语，宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分），定语，状语，表语等。“主，谓，宾，定，状，补（表语）”1. 主语：是句子要说明的人或物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。Eg: Tom is a hard-working student. He runs fast. Smoking is harmful to the health. To swim alone in a river is dangerous. It turned out that he was my best friend.2. 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。动词在句中做谓语。一般放在主语后。 Eg: He runs fast.Tom is a hard-working student.除了主语和谓语，句子还有一些其他成分，如定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语。3宾语：及物动词涉及到的人或物称为动词宾语，介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词，代词，数词，此外动词不定式，动名词和宾语从句也可以做宾语。 Eg: I love this game. A dog is behind the door. Please give the letter to her. Like doing/to do He asked me where Mary lived.4. 定语： 用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。形容词，名词，数词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词和定语从句都可做定语。 Eg: China is a great country. The dog over there is mine. We bought ten books. He made a speech on science. I have a lot of work to do. The boys playing football are my friends. The boys who are playing football are my friends.5. 状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句的成分是状语。副词，介词短语，动词不定式，名词短语，分词，状语从句等都可做状语。形容词不做状语。 Eg: He runs very fast. I go fishing every day. He will go home to see his parents. He sat there watching TV. If it rains tomorrow, we wont go out.6表语：在系动词（am, is, are等be动）后用来说明主语的身份，状态或特征的成分是表语。可以做表语的有名词，代词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，分词和 表语从句。Eg: Toms father is a doctor. “Whos there?”-“Its me.” She is very kind. The film is on. Im standing. The cup is broken.Seeing is believing/ To see is to believe.The book is on the desk.The city is under attack.The problem is who can complete the job.1. I find that English is easy to learn.2. I find that it is easy to learn English.3. I find that to learn English is easy.4. I find English easy to learn.5. I find it easy to learn English.主语谓语宾语定语状语补表语名词YYYYY动词Y形容词YY副词YYY数词YYY代词YYY介短YYY1. This is a weather station. 名词-定语2. I go to school every day. 名词-状语3. The boy over there is Tom. 副词-定语4. Tom is over there. 副词-表语5. Two and six is eight. 数词-主语6. I want four(books). 数词-宾语7. The man in black came forward. 介词-定语8. The book is very popular among young people. 介词-状语9. The ball is behind the door. 介词-表语10. The book is of great use. 介词-表语11. I find the book is of great use. 介词-宾补简 单 句 的 结 构简单句分类：根据句子结构，英文句子分为五大基本结构。一 什么是简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。简单句的实质就是只有一个主谓结构。英文中的长句子或结构复杂的句子都是有简单句构成的。Eg: He runs fast.Both Tom and John run fast.He once worked and lived here.My father and mother go to work in the morning and come back home in the evening.1. 主语+不及物动词2. 主语+连系动词+表语3. 主语+及物动词+宾语4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语1. 主语+不及物动词 Eg: He sings well.Evening came.2. 主语+连系动词+表语Eg: He is my best friend.The dog is behind the door.连系动词：be(am, is, are等)，feel, look, sound, taste, smell, become, get, turn, goEg: She looks beautiful.It sounds a good idea.3. 主语+及物动词+宾语Eg: I love this game.I want to finish the job within 3 days.I will never forget the days _ I spent with you.4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Eg:He told me a story.He bought me a new bike.常用双宾语结构的动词有：give, show, send, bring, offer, pass, lend, wish, teach等。 explain to sb sth5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 实质：宾语补足语与宾语之间有一个逻辑上的主谓关系(即宾补对宾语有一个修饰补充的关系)。宾语补足语的成分较复杂，形容词，分词，动词不定式，介词短语，名词等Eg: I want Tom to come back in a week.The news made me happy.I saw him walk into the room.We should often keep our classroom clean.I will have my bike repaired.I heard someone singing at 11 last night.1).常接动词不定式做宾语补足语的动词有： advise, allow , ask, beg, cause, commend , get , encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, request, tell, want, wish, warn, wait for.等。2). Look at, see, watch observe, notice(五看)， listen to, hear(二听)，feel(感觉)，make, let, have(三个使役)，这些词后面如果需要跟动词不定式的话，要去掉动词不定式符号to。但还原成被动语态时动词不定式符号to要还原。3) make sb/sth do/done/adj/nhave sb/sth do/doing/ donefind/catch sb doing/doneEg: I saw Tom walk into the room.Tom was seen to walk into the room.例题1. AIDS is said _D_ the biggest health challenge to men and women in that area over the past few years. A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been2. The flu is believed _C_ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D .to cause3. Helen had to shout _D_ above the sound of the music. A. making her