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Chapter24 TheRoaringTwenties SectionNotes BoomTimesLifeduringthe1920sTheJazzAge Video TheImpactofYoungerGenerations Images ModelTAssemblyLineTheModelTSaccoandVanzettiPrimarySource ProhibitionSocialStudiesSkills HouseholdStatisticalGraphs QuickFacts Chapter24VisualSummary BoomTimes TheBigIdeaAmericanindustriesboomedinthe1920s changingmanyAmericans wayoflife MainIdeasPresidentHardingpromisedareturntopeaceandprosperity CalvinCoolidgesupportedaprobusinessagenda Americanbusinessboomedinthe1920s In1928 AmericanselectedHerbertHoover hopinghewouldhelpgoodfinancialtimescontinue MainIdea1 PresidentHardingpromisedareturntopeaceandprosperity TheendofWorldWarIimpactedtheAmericaneconomy Factoriescutbackonproduction Millionsofsoldiersleftmilitary Unemploymentrosesharply PricessoaredWagescouldnotkeepupwithrisingprices Workerswentonstrike VotersblamedWilson sDemocraticPartyforthehardtimes 1920PresidentialElection RepublicanschoseWarrenG Hardingastheircandidate HardingchoseCalvinCoolidgeashisrunningmate Campaignstrategy promisetoreturncountrytostabilityandprosperityHardingwonalandslidevictorywith60percentofthepopularvote ImmediatelyworkedtostrengthentheeconomyHowever thepresidencyfacedproblems CorruptionofpresidentialappointeesTeapotDomescandalinvolvedthefirstcabinetmemberevertobeconvictedofacrimeforhisactionswhileinoffice MainIdea2 CalvinCoolidgesupportedaprobusinessagenda CalvinCoolidgebecamepresidentinAugust1923afterHardingdiedofaheartattack FiredalloftheofficialsinvolvedincorruptionscandalsduringHarding sadministration GainedpopularityforhisworkCoolidgeelectedpresidentin1924election MovedforwardonaprobusinessagendaLoweredtaxesforwealthyRaisedtariffsonforeigngoodstodecreasedomesticcompetitionVetoedCongressionalattemptstoprovideaidtofarmersthroughpriceregulation ReturningtoProsperity Europeanswantedtoavoidanotherdevastatingwar In1928 theUnitedStatesand14othercountriessignedtheKellog BriandPact AgreementthatoutlawedwarEventuallysignedby62nationsSomecomplainedthatthepactwasunenforceable Otherssawthepactasasignthatmostcountrieswantedtopreventanotherglobalconflict MainIdea3 Americanbusinessboomedinthe1920s Between1921and1929 U S manufacturingdoubled Asjobsandwagesincreased sodidpeople sabilitytobuynewproducts NewproductschangedthewayAmericanslived RiseoftheAutomobile HenryFord aninventorfromDetroit developedtheModelTautomobileDreamedofbuildingacarthatAmericanscouldaffordMadecaraffordablebycuttingcostsofproduction Usedmovingassemblyline asystemofconveyorbeltstomovepartsfromonegroupofworkerstoanother thussavingproductiontimeAllowedcustomerstobuycarsusinganinstallmentplanOtherautomobilecompaniesbegantoofferinstallmentplans TheautomobilechangedthewayAmericanslived CouldtakejobsfartherawayfromwheretheylivedGavepeopleasenseoffreedomandadventure GrowingIndustries Factoryemploymentroseaspartswereneededforautomobileproduction Governmentspentmillionsimprovingroads Newbusinessopportunitiesarosealongroadwaystoservetravelers includinggasstations restaurants andmotels Advertisingindustryboomedascompaniescompetedtoselltheirgoods Electricitywasmorewidelyavailable andcompaniesbegancreatingelectricalappliancestomakehouseholdchoreseasier MainIdea4 In1928 AmericanselectedHerbertHoover hopinghewouldhelpgoodfinancialtimescontinue 1928ElectionHerbertHooverwastheRepublicancandidate Publicsupportwasstrong PromisedthathewouldmaintaineconomicprosperityNewYorkgovernorAlfredE SmithwasDemocraticcandidate Campaignfocusedonissuesfacingcity dwellers Religiousfaithwasalsoanissue hewasthefirstCatholictorunforpresident Hooverelectedwith58percentofthepopularvote Lifeduringthe1920s TheBigIdeaAmericansfacednewopportunities challenges andfearsasmajorchangessweptthecountryinthe1920s MainIdeasInthe1920smanyyoungpeoplefoundnewindependenceinachangingsociety Postwartensionsoccasionallyledtofearandviolence CompetingidealscausedconflictbetweenAmericanswithtraditionalbeliefsandthosewithmodernviews Followingthewar minoritygroupsorganizedtodemandtheircivilrights MainIdea1 Inthe1920smanyyoungpeoplefoundnewindependenceinachangingsociety Afterthewar manyyoungpeoplemovedtocities By1920morethanhalfofthecountry spopulationlivedinurbanareas Tookadvantageof1920seconomicboomtogainindependenceNewyouthculturedevelopedAccesstoeducationgrew Highschoolattendancedoubledin1920s Moreattendedcollegesanduniversities Womenalsofoundnewopportunities Numberofwomeninworkforcecontinuedtogrow NewrolesinpoliticsSomewomen knownasflappers openlychallengedtraditionalideasofhowwomenweresupposedtobehave MainIdea2 Postwartensionsoccasionallyledtofearandviolence NegativeattitudestowardCommunistsgrewinthe1920s AfterCommuniststookpowerinRussiain1917 AmericansworriedthattheywouldsoontrytogainpowerintheUnitedStates ManyAmericansblamedCommunistsandradicalsforlaborstrikesandotherproblems AttitudesledtoaRedScare atimeoffearofCommunists orReds Communistswereheldresponsibleforbombingsandkillings BombswerefoundinpostalpackagesaddressedtofamousAmericansandCommunistswereheldresponsible Politicalofficial shomewasbombedandpoliceraidswereorganizedtobreakupCommunistandradicalgroups Italiananarchists SaccoandVanzetti wereconvictedandexecutedfortherobberyandmurderofafactorypaymasterandhisguard RestrictingImmigration ConcernsaboutimmigrationSomeAmericansbelievedtherewasageneralfearofforeigners ManyrecentimmigrantswerepooranddidnotspeakEnglish SomeAmericanssawimmigrantsasathreattojobsandculture Governmentrespondedtotheseconcernswithnewlaws EmergencyQuotaActof1921limitedtotalnumberofimmigrantsallowedintothecountry NationalOriginsActof1924bannedimmigrationfromEastAsiaentirelyandreducedthenumberofimmigrantsallowedintothecountry DrasticdropinimmigrationtotheUnitedStates Prohibition ReligiousIdeals TheEighteenthAmendmentoutlawedthemanufacture sale andtransportofalcoholicbeverages DifficulttoenforceManybrokethelaw Lawreducedconsumption butdidnotstopAmericansfromdrinking SupportstrongestinruralareasOppositionstrongestincitiesBytheendofthe1920s thenationwaswearyoftheeffectsofprohibition BelievedthatitwouldbebettertohavealegalalcoholtradewithgovernmentmonitoringTheTwenty firstAmendmentwaspassedin1933 whichendedprohibition MainIdea3 CompetingidealscausedconflictbetweenAmericanswithtraditionalbeliefsandthosewithmodernviews Fundamentalism ReligiousIdeals Religiousleaderswereconcernedabuttheyouthcultureandthefailureofprohibitioninthe1920s WantedtoreturntotraditionalvaluesLedtoamovementoffundamentalism characterizedbythebeliefinaliteral orword for word interpretationoftheBibleUsedtheradioandmodernmarketingtoolstodrawfollowersStronginruralareasandsmalltownsBelievedthatmodernscientifictheoriesconflictedwithteachingsoftheBibleOpposedtheteachingofevolutioninpublicschoolsLawswerepassedinmanystatesandcitiestopreventtheteachingofevolution Scopestrialin1925TennesseeteacherJohnT ScopesputontrialforteachingevolutionScopesconvictedandfined 100forbreakingthelawStatesupremecourtlateroverturnedconviction MainIdea4 Followingthewar minoritygroupsorganizedtodemandtheircivilrights GreatMigration largenumbersofAfricanAmericansleftSouthtotakejobsinnorthernfactoriesafterthewarandthroughthe1920s Somewhitelaborersfearedcompetitionforjobs Raceriotsbrokeout KuKluxKlangainedmorestrength HarassedAfricanAmericans Catholics Jews andimmigrantsWorkedagainsturbanization women srights andmoderntechnologyBecameinfluentialinpoliticsMorethan5millionmembers ProtectingRights AfricanAmericansbeganworkingtoprotecttheirrights TheNAACPplacedadvertisementsinnewspaperspresentingharshfactsaboutlynchingsintheSouth MarcusGarveyencouragedblackpeopletoexpressprideintheircultureandestablisheconomicindependence Blacknationalismmovementtookroot HispanicAmericansorganizedtofightprejudiceandpromotecivilrightsFormedtheLeagueofUnitedLatinAmericanCitizensin1929NativeAmericansfoughttoestablishtheirrights In1924CongresspassedtheIndianCitizenshipAct grantingcitizenshiptoallNativeAmericans Successfullypreventedthefederalgovernmentfromtakingbackreservationlands TheJazzAge TheBigIdeaMusicians artists actors andwriterscontributedtoAmericanpopularcultureinthe1920s MainIdeasRadioandmovieslinkedthecountryinanationalculture Jazzandbluesmusicbecamepopularnationwide Writersandartistsintroducednewstylesandartisticideas MainIdea1 Radioandmovieslinkedthecountryinanationalculture Openednewworldsforaudiences1927movieTheJazzSingerwasthefirsttalkie ormotionpicturewithsoundBecamebigbusinessMoviestarsbecamenationalheroes Radio Nationalradionetworks suchasNBCandCBS formed Newaccesstomusic news politicalspeeches sportsbroadcasts andmoreAllowedAmericanseverywheretosharecommonexperiences Sports Fanspackedstadiumsandlistenedonradiosasathletesplayedandbrokenewrecords Baseballwasincrediblypopularandhaditsowncelebrities suchasBabeRuth Movies MainIdea2 Jazzandbluesmusicbecamepopularnationwide Anexplosioninthepopularityofjazzmusicgavethe1920sanickname theJazzAge JazzdevelopedinNewOrleans BlendingofAfricanAmerican European andWestAfricanharmoniesandrhythmsJazzwaspopularwithyoungAmericans Lovedthemusicandthefast paceddancesthatsweptthenationJazzmusicianswereinnovators ArtistslikeLouisArmstrongandEdward Duke Ellingtonmademajorcontributionstomusic Bluesmusicalsobecamepopularinthe1920sOriginatedintheruralSouthoftheMississippiDeltaBeganasanexpressionofthesufferingofAfricanAmericansduringslavery MainIdea3 Writersandartistsintroducednewstylesandartisticideas TheHarlemneighborhoodofNewYorkCitybecamethecenteroftheHarlemRenaissance aperiodofAfricanAmericanartisticaccomplishment ManyAfricanAmericanscametoHarlemintheGreatMigration HarlemRenaissancewritersmadelastingcontributionstoAmericanculture LangstonHugheswrotepoems plays andnovelsaboutAfricanAmericanlif
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