高考英语语法定语从句.doc

第四讲 高考英语语法 定语从句一、定语从句及相关概念定语：可以由形容词、代词、数量词、名词、副词、不定代词、介词短语等来担任。 如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就是定语从句。 The girl who is standing there is Mary. 定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的并起定语作用的从句叫定语从句。由关系代词或关系副词引导。定语从句位于先行词之后，关系词要代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分，因此定语从句中不能再重复先行词。当关系词在定语从句中作主语，定语从句的谓语由先行词决定。分为限定性和非限定性定语从句。The girl who is standing there is Mary. 先行词 关系词先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词。 关系词： 引导定语从句的词。关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。关系词分关系代词和关系副词。二、关系代词和关系副词的用法关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用关系代词that人/物主、宾、表which物主、宾、表、定（偶）who人主、宾whom人宾whose人/物定as人/物/事情主、宾、表关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语三、选择关系词的要点：1、看先行词的所指，即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因。2、看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词在从句中所作的成分。如果从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语则用关系代词；缺少状语则用关系副词或prep. + 关系代词。3、看定语从句的种类，即限定性还是非限定性定语从句。that / why 不引导非限定性定语从句. 特别注意：what不引导限定性定语从句.四、关系代词：who / whom /that / which / whose / as. 1. who 主、宾；whom 宾；which 主、宾 ( 物 ) that 主、宾、表 ( 人、物 ) ：指人可与who / whom互换 ；指物可与which互换; 不可作介词宾语。whose定语 (人、物 )：指物时：whose + n. = the + n. + of which 或 of which + the + n. as主、宾、表 ( 人 ) ：限定性、非限定性定语从句。e.g. The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. The man who / whom you met just now is my friend . The house whose windows ( = the windows of which = of which the windows ) face the street is my uncles . The visitor whose passport was stolen was on his way to the US. His best movie, which won several awards, was about the life of Gandhi. The teacher ( that / who / whom ) you want to see is coming . Such advice as he was given has proved almost worthless. Li Ming is late, as is often the case.2. 限定性定语从句中，先行词指物时，只用that , 不用which 的八种情况：1)当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything anything , something, nothing, none, the one 时Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? You should have to hand in all you have.2)当先行词前有the only, the very any ,few, little, no all 等修饰时This is the very bus that I am waiting for. The only thing that I can do is (to) give you some money.3)当先行词是形容词最高级或被其修饰时This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.4)当先行词是序数词或被其修饰时This train is the last that will go to Harbin. What is the first American film that you have ever seen?5)当先行词有人又有物时 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?6)当主句的主语是疑问词 who & which时Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the boy that is standing by the door?7) 有两个定语从句时，关系代词一个已用which；另一个宜用thatThey secretly built up a small factory, which produces things that cause pollution.8)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.3. 只用which 不用that 的情况：(1) 非限定性定语从句中。 Yesterday she sold her car, which she bought a month ago.(2) prep. + which 从句 We went through a period in which communications were very difficult in the rural area.He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(3) n. + of + which There are some pigeons nearby the schoolhouse, the roof of which is red .4. 只用who, 不用that的情况:(1) 先行词为he / those指人。 Those who want to go there raise your hands.(2) there be / there lived 中，先行词指人。 Theres a young man outside who asks for you. There once lived a king who was kind to his people.(3) 先行词为指人的不定代词：one / all / 复合不定代词 Anyone who broke the window would be punished. We should learn from the one who benefits us.5. as 引导限制性定语从句 在从句中做主语，表语和宾语。as 引导限制性定语从句时，先行词前多有the same/such/as/so 修饰句型一： such +名词 +as.像一样的； 像之类the same +名词 +as.和同样的He is such a clever boy as we all like. He is so clever a boy as is popular with us. I have see n the same book as you are using now. He is not so (as) clever a boy as BobThese houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.句型二： such asSuch 为代词，“这样的人或这样的事），as 在从句中做成分，修饰先行词such.This book is not such as I expect.6. as 与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：二者引导非限制性定语从句可以从以下几个方面来区别1)先行词; as -没有；which-可有也可无。 As we all know, he is a good teacher. He didnt pass the exam, which made his father angry.We visited a school yesterday, which is famous for its good teaching quality.2)位置: as 从句的位置可在句首，句中 或句末皆可； which引导的非限制定义从句不能再句首 He is a good student, as we all know. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.3)内容: as 所指的内容比较笼统不具体； which 所指的内容具体，可以和主句构成因果关系The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.4)as从句表示说话人的看法、态度等。“正如，像”；which从句是对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果，“这一点，这件事”As Napoleon once said, attack is the best method of defense.The naughty boy upstairs is always making loud noise, which makes me annoyed.5)which一般用作实意动词的主语，主从句含有并列或因果关系。Rosa often speaks highly of herself, which ( = and that ) annoys her peers .6)当非限制性定语从句的谓语是复合结构时，只能用which Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.7) 当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表否定时 只能用which He came here very late, which was unexpected.( not expected)8)当 as在从句中作主语时，后面常接被动语态的谓语，b e known, be said, be reported, be announced等，如从句中的行为动词是主动语态时， 多 用whichShe has been absent again, as is expected. Tom has made great progress, which made me very happy.9)as 常用在下列结构中： as is known to all = as is well known / as anybody can see / as often happens / as is supposed / as has been pointed out / as has been said before / as is usual /as is given /as is mentioned above / as we had expected / as may be imagined / as we all can see / as can be seen / as is expected / as is announced / as is reported / as you know / as is often the case / as (it) appears / as ( it ) seems likely / as I remember等10)as 仍然保持做连词得某种含义David is tall, as are my brothers.(=and so are my brothers). He opposed the idea, as could be expected.11) as / which 指代整个句子时可互换 ，which = and this ; 如果as / which作主语，谓语为单数。He helped me with English, which / as was very kind of him.Last night I enjoyed a famous opera, which / as I hoped for years.7. 关系代词前缺先行词需加the one充当先行词。 Is the museum the one that you visited?8. 先行词作主语：one of + ns. + 定语从句，定语从句谓语为复数； the / the only / the very one of + ns. + 定语从句，定语从句谓语为单数。( 见主谓一致)9. prep. + which / whom : 从句中的介词有时可以提前到关系代词之前，关系代词只能用which / whom，介词在从句中则无限制。介词可以根据定语从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子的意义来确定。(1) 可代替when / where / why / that 关系词。 There used to be a time at / during which (= when ) the Chinese people struggled for freedom . In 2006, we moved to Boston, in which (= where ) my grandparents live . Theres no reason for which (= why ) we shouldnt be friends . There are varieties of ways in which ( = that ) we can solve this problem . Three years ago, you gave me a book , the name of which ( = whose name ) I still remember .(2) 关系代词前介词的确定：当关系代词是定语从句动词所表示动作发生的场所、使用的工具、动作的目标和方式，并为状语时，prep. + which无关系副词可替代。 Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time. Jordan made a film in which he acted with a cartoon character. The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. This is the teacher from whom weve learned a lot. (3) 当介词位于从句末尾时，可用that / which / who /whom作宾语，可省略。 This is the hero ( that / who / whom ) we are proud of . The situation ( which ) we had got into was very dangerous .(4) 固定搭配的动词短语不可分割，不可将介词提到关系代词前。 Coal is a source of energy which we must make full use of.(5) 当先行词前有介词并构成地点状语时用where, 不用prep. + which 。 Rice can grow well in the place where theres much water and its warm.(6) prep. + which / whom + to do : 为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可加关系词。 Here is the money ( with which ) to buy a piano . Nancy is the right person ( on whom ) to depend . The poor man has no house in which to live.(7) 当定语从句的有关名词与关系代词是部分关系时，需要在其前加of , 但不同于所属关系，不能用whose代替，构成of + which / whom , 在非限定性定语从句中使用。 In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, of which 12 were won by women. The total cultivated area is 13000 mu, of which 10000 mu are irrigated field .(8) 复杂介词：n. / pron. / num. / adj.比较级或最高级+ prep. + which / whom . The + n. + of + which / whom = whose + n. + of + which / whom = of which / whom + pron. pron. some / several / a few / a little / many / more / most / the largest / all / none /both/neither/each prep. of / in front of / at the foot of / on the top of / in the middle of / at the back of . Last night we saw two movies, neither of which was interesting. Here are the questions, some of which ( = of which some ) I thought difficult for you . Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA , most of whom ( of whom most ) came from the USA .The house, the windows of which ( whose windows ) were damaged , has been repaired .The factory has over 8000 workers and staff, 80% of whom are women.They arrived at the house, in front of which stands a big tree.I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was reasonable.The whole country is going in for agriculture, the importance of which is now known to everybody.(9) 有时会出现prep. + 关系副词 ( where / when ) . 非限定性定语从句中使用。 Jane is back in May, by when the new house should be finished. China is the birth place of kites, from where kiting flying spread to Japan, Korean, Thailand and India. That was written in 1946, since when the education system has undergone great changes. 五. 关系副词：where / when / why 不用how；先行词必须是表示时间、地点、原因的名词,并在从句中作状语。1. 时间名词： time / day / hour / year / date / month / moment + when / during ( on , in ,at ) which 先行词为time ：(1) 引导词为 when / that / 省略 (2) “次数”：that 可省略 (3) “一段时间”：when / during ( at ,in , on ) which Gone forever are the days when we were oppressed. From the time when he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. This was the moment when his career really took off. The last time (that ) I saw her was a fine day . I could hardly remember how many times (that ) I have failed . This was at a time when / during which there were no radios, no TVs and no telephones.2. 地点名词：place / city /factory / town / room / house / street / area / museum + where / to ( at , in , on , from ) which where可表示“地点的模糊化”: 当先行词为抽象空间概念的名词situation / stage / case / position / condition/ point均可用where 。特殊疑问句及n.性从句均有此用法。 What do you know about the city where the famous writer grew up? There are the few points where we disagree with each other I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own. The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. Where will all this trouble lend? That is where you are mistaken. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree. Life is like a long race where / in which we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.3. 原因名词：the reason why / for which。why不引导非限定性定语从句, 可用for which 。 I dont know the reason why she looks unhappy today.4. 先行词way : 关系词为that / in which / 省略，作状语。 This is the best way that / in which we can understand each other. I am talking to you today about the way that / in which large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste. I appreciate the way (that ) you teach us.5. 先行词为时间、地点、原因名词时，关系词不一定都用副词，当关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时，用that / which 。 This is a beautiful place that / which many people look forward to visiting. This is the reason that / which he gave for his absence from school. The film made me think of the days that / which I spent in my childhood.六. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句：1. 限制性定语从句与先行词关系非常密切，如果去掉，主句意思含糊不清；主从句之间不用逗号隔开；翻译时一般译成前置定语；关系代词作宾语可以省略。 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，缺少不会影响整个句子的含义；主从句一般用逗号隔开；翻译时一般译成并列形式；所有的关系词均不可省略。 In an hour, we can travel to places which would have taken our ancestors days to reach. This was a time when / during which the two countries were at war. In China and Japan there are mid autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and give gifts of moon cakes. My mother, whom you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous. Last month I met Holly, who was then preparing for a test.2. 关系词的选用：(1) 非限制性定语从句中，如果先行词为表示物的名词，只用which 不用that ，which可以指代先行词、句子或短语；而在限制性定语从句中两者均可。 Corn wasnt the only food that / which was taken to Europe.It broadcasts all kinds of programmes, which change from month to month.(2) 限制性定语从句中,先行词作宾语,引导词可省略;非限制性定语从句中不可省略,whom不能用who / that替换。 It was the first joy I had known for years. One of the first things Annie did was to teach me how to play. He is late for school, which is usual with him.(3) 除which 外，when / where / who / whom 可以引导非限定性定语从句，why不可以。 He left Germany for America during the war, when Jews were badly treated in Germany. Thats the reason why I didnt go there.(4) 限制性定语从句的先行词为n. / pron.；非限制性定语从句的先行词为n. / pron. / 主句的一部分/ 整个句子，which = and this 。 He helped me with English, which was very kind of him. Some deer had been taken to England, where they were kept in the great park which belonged to him.3. 运用非限制性定语从句的情况：(1) 关系词指代全部或部分句子内容，指代整个句子时只用which / as 。 She said he had finished her work, which I doubted very much.(2) 先行词为专有名词或世界上独一无二的事情。 The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories. Taiwan, as is known to all, belongs to China.(3) 先行词指“唯一”或“唯一”的某个亲属 ( son / sister / father / mother / daughter / wife ) 。 My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an email almost every day. My sister who works in Shanghai sends me an email almost every day. The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right. The chairman who spoke first sat on my right. ( 不表“唯一”)(4) 先行词表类属，表某类人、动物或事物时。 Football, which is very interesting game, is now played all over the world .(5) 从句对主句先行词做补充说明，并不影响主句意义的完整。 I have two sisters, who are both students.(6) n. / pron. + of + which / whom引导的非限制性定语从句。 Youve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness.五, 定语从句的特殊结构1. 分隔式定语从句：定语从句与先行词之间插入一个词组、短语或别的成分。要注意辨别先行词。(1) 先行词在主句中为主语，其谓语比较简单，而定语从句的结构有比较复杂，或是为了突出主句引起注意，于是将谓语紧靠主语而造成分隔。 A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. The professor entered the hall who had just presented several lectures. The days are gone when we suffered so much. The boss of the company, whose name is Tom, told the story. That wasnt a real diamond necklace you borrowed from him.(2) 先行词除了定语从句修饰外，还带有其它的后置定语。 I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.(3) 先行词与从句之间夹有主句的状语。 I was the only person in my office who was invited. (4) 先行词与从句之间夹有插入语。By and by others joined him there men like himself, who had been ill treated by the cruel lords.2. 混杂式定语从句关系词 + 插入语 ( I think / believe /guess / expect / I am sure / they say ) + The girl knows three foreign languages, which we all think makes it easier for her to find a good job. James is the only one who we expect will win.3. 多重定语从句：两个或多个定语从句同时修饰一个先行词，关系词不可省略。 I find it hard to leave the land where I have lived for 30 years and where there are sweet memories of my childhood. Ill never forget the moment when I first met Mary and which makes me always feel happy.4. 省略式定语从句：prep. +关系代词 + to do = 定语从句 。主句的主语与to do的主语必须一致 。 Ive saved a sum of money with which to buy a new computer for myself.六, 虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法 Its ( high / about ) time ( that ) should do / did Its time that the authorities concerned should take proper steps to solve the traffic problem. In my opinion, it is about time we had new computers.七. 定语从句与独立主格结构及并列句的混淆： He wrote a lot of novels, many of them translated into foreign languages. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of them were translated into foreign languages. He wrote a lot of novels, many of which were translated into foreign languages.定语从句高考真题演练1I think youre got to the point_a change is needed,otherwise youll fail.A.when B.that C.where D.which2The hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people. A.when B.that C.in which D.on which3Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_ people were eaten by the tiger.A.that B.by which C.which D.in which 4There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A.where B.which C.when D.that 5_ is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. A.Which B.When C.What D.As 6_ is reported in the newspaper,talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B.As C.That D.What 7There are many people_ only on-line activity is sending and receiving e-mails.A.who B.that C.which D.whose 8EBay