古希腊哲学发展.doc

古希腊时期：公元前七世纪公元前二世纪Ancient Greece: the seventh century B.C. - the second century B.C.古希腊哲学的发展可以明确地分为三个阶段：自然哲学时期、人本主义和系统哲学时期、希腊化和罗马哲学时期。The development of ancient Greek philosophy can be clearly divided into three stages: natural philosophy, humanism and system philosophy, Hellenization and Roman period. 古希腊哲学的整个学说体系以“实体原理”为核心展开,具体包括物质本原说、自然类观念、形成论和还原原理,它们构成了严整的逻辑关系。the ancient Greek philosophy of the whole theory system with principle of entity as the core, including material origin conception, nature, formation theory and principle of reduction, they constitute a rigorous logic relationship.1.自然哲学时期1. Natural philosophy公元前6世纪，东方伊奥尼亚地方的一些哲学家开始提出世界的本原问题，The 6th century BC, the east of ionia place some philosophers began to put forward the roots of the problem, 他们反对过去流传的种种神话创世说，认为世界的本原是一些物质性的元素，如水、气、火等；they are against the spread of a variety of myths creationism, think the origins of the world are some material elements, such as water, air, fire, etc.他们最早用自然本身来解释世界的生成，是西方最早的唯物主义哲学家。 They were the first western materialist philosophers to explain the creation of the world by nature itself著名的代表有泰利斯、阿那克西曼德、阿那克西米尼和赫拉克利特。The famous representatives were thales, anaximander, anaximini and Heraclitus . Thales泰勒斯，古希腊时期的思想家、科学家、哲学家，出生于爱奥尼亚的米利都城，创建了古希腊最早的哲学学派，Thales, the ancient greeks thinkers, scientists, philosophers, was born in the Ionian migliore capital, created one of the earliest philosophical school in ancient Greece,希腊七贤之一，西方思想史上第一个有记载有名字留下来的思想家，被称为科学和哲学之祖。One of the seven sages of Greece, the first thinker in the history of western thought to have a name left behind, was called the ancestor of science and philosophy. 他是第一个提出世界的本原是什么?He was the first to say what is the origin of the world?anaximanderHeraclitus . 2.人本主义和系统哲学时期 humanism and system philosophy背景：公元前 5世纪，雅典已经经过几次民主改革，在反对波斯战争中成为希腊各城邦的盟主，the 5th century BC, Athens has after several democratic reforms, in opposition to the Persian war become a Greek city-states were surveyed, 并在伯里克利领导下，实现了发达的民主政治，雅典成为古希腊世界的经济、政治和文化中心。and under the leadership of the Pericles, implements the developed democracy, Athens has become one of the ancient Greek world economic, political and cultural center.由于民主政治的需要，出现了一批以教授演说的论辩术为业的思想家，被称为“智者”。Because of the need of democratic politics, a group of thinkers who have been taught to teach speech are called wise men. 他们讨论的中心不再是自然界宇宙生成等问题，而集中到人类社会政治伦理方面来，“人”成为研究的中心。The center of their discussion is no longer the problem of the creation of the natural universe, but the focus on human social and political ethics, the person becomes the center of research.智者的著名代表是普罗泰戈拉。为了反对传统奴隶主贵族统治的制度和思想，他提出“人是万物的尺度”的著名命题，he famous representative of the wise is protegora. Against the traditional slave owners, the system of the aristocracy and thought he man is the measure of everything is put forward the famous proposition, 认为判断是非善恶的标准，只能是个人的感觉和利害，为当时的民主制提供了理论根据。think the standard to judge right and wrong, good and evil, only is a persons feeling and interest, provides the credible theoretical basis for the time of the democracy.智者的思想在政治上虽然起过进步作用，但却是古希腊哲学最初的带有主观唯心主义色彩的哲学。The thought of the wise man has played a progressive role in politics, but it is the original philosophy of Greek philosophy with subjective idealism.苏格拉底反对智者的相对主义，认为客观真理是存在的，他要为各种伦理道德范畴寻求普遍的定义。他反对用灌输知识的方法教育青年，主张用论辩诘难、找出对方论证中的矛盾的方法，启发人们自觉认识和改正自己的错误。这就是“辩证法”一词的最早来源。Socrates opposes the relativism of the wise and believes that the objective truth exists, and he seeks universal definitions for various ethical and moral categories. He opposed to the use of knowledge in the method of the education youth, advocated the argumentation of argumentation, to find out the contradiction in each others argument, to inspire people to know and correct their own mistakes. This is the earliest source of the term dialectic.柏拉图的哲学是典型的客观唯心主义Platos philosophy is the typical objective idealism他认为只有意识是完全真实的，而客观世界只能是相对真实的He think only the“ideas”are competely real, while the physical words is only relatively real. 亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生，但是他批评了他的老师。他把理念称为“形式”，把物质称为“质料”,认为事物是由形式和质料组合而成的;Aristotle was a student of Plato, but he criticized his teacher. He called the idea form and called matter material and thought that things were formed by form and material. 因此，形式并不是在事物之外独立存在的，它只在具体事物之中，和质料相互结合而存在。亚里士多德的哲学动摇于唯物主义和唯心主义之间。Therefore, form is not independent of things, it exists only in the concrete things, and the material. Aristotles philosophy wavered between materialism and idealism. 2.希腊化和罗马哲学时期 2The period of Greek and Roman philosophy公元前 336年，马其顿王亚历山大即位，他建立了跨越欧、亚、非三洲的大帝国。In 336 BC, Alexander the king of Macedonia ascended the throne and established a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. 这个帝国虽然很快就瓦解了，但希腊文化以亚历山大里亚城为中心得到了广泛传播，历史上称为希腊化时期。Although the empire soon fell apart, the Greek culture was widely disseminated in Alexandria, historically known as the hellenisti