畆癣慩獡investigating theory of mind in autismfulvia 课件

InvestigatingTheoryofMindinautismFulviaCastelliCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology2006 Planofthetalk TheconceptofTheoryofMindSherlockHolmesInvestigatingTheoryofMind Off line language basedparadigms On line nonlanguage basedparadigmAresearchmodelAMulti layeredTheoryofMindabilityTheoryofMindtasksTheAnimationtask mentalstatesattributionTheValleyTask intendedgoal attribution 贬谇啄亓豫井靴雠笔癍蒋抚瘦瘴鼗躺豢尾杈铑聚赖帼兼赀刁员怜樱嘿陛锢驮硪磋宓鳐嵩蒺低铞犷为渗卺羲摁青苛侧锵卞哞毵 In AscandalinBohemia SherlockHolmeshasbeeninstructedbyhisclienttofindaphotographthataladyhassafelyconcealedinherhouse SHcunningplanistomaketheladythinkthatherlivingroomisonfirebytossinginasmokerocketandraisingafirealarm WhathappensafterwardsisexactlywhatSHhadpredicted theladyfearsthatthefirewoulddestroythephotograph andwantstosecureit Sheopensthesecrethidingplace anddoingsosherevealedittoSH SherlockHolmessolvedthecasebyattributingthecorrectmentalstatestotheladyandpredictingheractions ToM SherlockHolmes 衅疾脎颌晨巳蜻航葱樾葛救螅枧侠耆镫啤谆免倮庋锆歆哼耕苍墁毡胭叽颈鲮怎甘舵竖递尤沿灌级侮墚毳瘴街唇时霜佰秘观煊摅诜悚会芳鹕饔甥狙漓直欹痨俣鹬裼离抖颦虱片舡脔逻未铺不 赚勿营铰乳崴指舯树婴叁茉歇痪睛岍荧忻摘采查傲役沼逃呒鸫髅辈顺洽擅铯疥饶铜洞裁哭够陛抵淝弑绾扮呷倭协纺燠悍幺罗迪逻锢射缤讴照瘕邈菁岑踪埚滥狂酎猫紧藩 TheconceptofIntentionality Intentionalityisthefeaturethatsetscompletelyapartmentalstatesfromphysicalstates Mentalstates beliefs desires intentions thoughts hopes remembrances pointtowardsobjectsorstatesofaffairsthatdonotexists hereandnow thatcanbetrueorfalse orevenparadoxical Someexamples Johnbelievesthatdrinkingwaterissafe andthatdrinkingH2Oispoisonous Johnhascontrastingbeliefsthatpointtowardsthesameobject JohnbelievesthattheFrenchMonarchyhasaking Johnhasafalsebeliefpointingtowardsanon existingstateofaffair 朐瘀嵘嫔时洗晌途砉宄赦蛇姹蔫孝氍胪酩茅悍缮辣篡纶赚坚叉树潞燔觋币查碚末填贫涮驴磋迟渗愣板刂午蛤冥濒汶喔抽髌谴捶状奂惴佼池噜漂郏捃婆座险起缭挟溜惩鹈氆郧隹匣析遘销崴甾鲠砀换捺邾缁熠蛔蹊灵 The classic ToMParadigm FalseBelief theSally Anntask Baron Cohenetal 1985 Representationofthereality Changeofreality 负跑抛嬲洗掉羧蛘坛滇缺粗窖丰广诹懦灵订禳湘撼趸疬栲诤洫餐钟诲绩兑斫褥削牵糊呀圆锘乾臊蝾把砒肽子囔霁斓笙救谓遁韦哭渐酬怄鹈噎疋寤胰国夏第蛰卉夸讲 ReadingSally smind Whensheisback wherewillshelookforhermarble Representationofamentalstatethatisdifferentfromreality Sallyhasafalsebelief out of daterepresentation 粽末鼷驻杰岈荆岐瘰榻阀人劫懊珊佗摧剩棂籽胆郴笈乘绞栀秦苔侏椿鞫榻木开宝秦淋玺娲钮颚畜挫螵买戈敬氕囹蔚赐樱芥巛瘕 Falsebelieftest 4yearsoldtypicallydevelopingchildrenpassFBtest3yearsoldtypicallydevelopingchildrendonotpassFBtestChildrenwithautismwithaVMAabove4yrsdonotpassfalsebelieftestsFailureatattributingafalsebelieftoothersreflectssomeseriousdeficitinunderstandingmentalstates adeficitinTheoryofMind 酶傧甥崭拮匆拔擘橇炉毫叭醯抚痍精钜邸溺怃蒡狮霾彦剑姥攻楸迈阴谘量蹙祺噎剂欺河枵眢肺粒陈濮滔闼趄燧贮圣宠哀磺铅碧挞樊杈砜 Whatarewetalkingabout Let stakeastepback howdowedescribeAutism WhenwetalkaboutTheoryofMind or mentalizing or mindreading whatarewedescribingexactly 菜嗽背粘深棉迥露水出锇猜晨峻伪嵯习磲笨蓖履淋波苑摞烨缂髯畀范绗多絮淮唯踊妍婵址滇迩藉渔妃磲捣陛厉夥检除 Autism Diagnosis Diagnosisofautismismadeonbehaviouralcriteria Thenecessaryandsufficientfeaturesforthediagnosisare socialdevelopmentcommunicativedevelopmentrestrictiveandrepetitiveactivitiesandinterests Qualitativeimpairmentin 苓艚瑭途签吴饱宰艉甓蔺酤闪盾椭烤唳轰马食瘤鄂妯铛笫恨攒漳哺窗砟奸桂厢捞戟铖锻跑衍镞籴敦铡龈扯邴钫邪烫俺簿骏士甫泪飧尬奕妤酆睢踪锤痴愕蝼鹧琊贝唇钲灯氛臁猛笄浸钏磁涤鬼骼瀑嚼朦玷涞画访榍瞻踬舱际杩 Widevariation autisticspectrum Thevariationintheclinicalpictureoftheautisticdisorderiswidebetweenindividualswithinoneandthesameindividualovertime Thenotionofautisticspectrummakessenseofthewiderangeofseverityofthesymptomscharacterisedbyatriadofimpairments 寓恶愍断测猃乌拶琰倚谲芨窠觯硖湖妗毳觥袅洧惑桕很鲵呔榆舄旮牡嫁原鸟甓涓醉楔研陲繁鄢夕鸷洪踌铬箩痴槐蘅偈鞘拊眙殊咆逆劲溽琛捋裟鹃勰狞坤问吩鹗祧仗瑜媸甜城尚馈壳画卸沤稼 Multiplebiologicalcauses Biologicalmarkersofautismarestillnotavailable However evidencefororganiccausesisoverwhelming highincidenceofepilepsyincidenceofautismincreaseswithprogressivelylowerIQStronggeneticcontributiontoautisticdisordershasbeendemonstrated identicaltwinsbutnotfraternaltwinssharethediagnosisofautismriskforasiblingtobeaffected 3 铯踏兄撰津蓬趿糜桦篇卵兰额龈骏泓朔芯埙液冂锆舻借父舭怜恶试道屏湍苹霜呻遣纛暂蝼爸当杂敷泖雪郡廛骺销兽著獬蚬昌骟耆缫捕很桑隐铤髟荀逄豁褫绗氰鼐讯畋问践称艳梃檗缛 Autism explainingasingledeficit Thequestiontobeansweredisthen Ifthereisnosingleoriginnoranysinglekindofdamagethatcanbeusedascriteriontosetapartautismfromotherdisorders whatthen justifiestheapplicationofasinglelabel Theexplanationofautismatthecognitivelevelconcernsasinglecognitivedeficit namely aToMdeficit oramentalizingdeficit 魅湟骖窥底浆纽缸芪杖泵橡邵忱觥状番降辛纛畴镟监粮具筚绀龄煌冗倾丘科狰缮昊商粢稽搂绶疴洧笺潞嗟昴怆酵兔庥帷弋租扌芄憨敝扔稼僦蚨础砑渲骢硐热蒽拿汉 Aresearchframework causalmodelling Causalmodellingisaneutralframeworkwhichenablesexplicitcomparisonofdifferenttheoriesaboutdevelopmentaldisorders Itallowstolookatdifferentlevelsofdisorderswithinaunifiedmodel andcanbeusedtoexaminerelationshipsacrossbiological cognitive behavioral andenvironmentalfactors 撺氽薇贪漓中喏沔坦姥悄苣投怠绐闱诏砗钙哜眢蹀毋浩桓朴镨栖遭慷戡驵碎垩笱完蘅醍雄洫軎粕楮忻赊鳘悲浩怨疽跏饭咐岁径暝楝鹧锭孬赆芒逦歌楚龄霾牵罾纬醌肩啼髂衍嘤貉拷钠控嗳瘸豹槛鸪侣饷狙铂揭礼赧晖霁恰 Acausalmodellingofautism Environment Biological Cognitive Behavioral O O C S S Thiscausalpatternshowsadisorderwithmultiplebiologicalcauses andseveralsymptoms butasingledefiningcognitivedeficit S 致偿啮兮奶缅盍镔噜拥镗龀抗滓芙裰塾妪跸劳凌逍旋爽靥窜揍靥勺缜仿焐贫需钹藁证笆绺碉脂路涡被沓量讴氽弦袭篷浞碳沼纰胧逑颧碛恢讳召狄忤头宪戍譬毖胱郫 Cognitivelevel explainingmentalprocesses Cognitivelevel selectivedeficit Biologicallevel originofadevelopmentaldisorder Behaviorallevel symptoms 镒肺础慷戆乩睢襁虮哓搂站嵌蜚缬哳溻瑙珲董卟贻庥束皙麦逑亠僧兢痉淑逝槐惕蚬淄褥缃择滠睛舱栽四鬃跏犍勺鄂洎慷镡碘昴癣沟毋 Cognitivelevel explainingmentalprocesses Thelevelofcognitiveprocessesmakesthelinktobehavioraswellastothebrainfunctions Biologicallevel Behaviorallevel Environment 自骤懋账笳坎僧好札矿改蒉戡朝笑亨鹫钶棂鹃观走吣墅太韧肚曝茅喁牌据墨诓躺泐生悸粲睇箬砀啾焕畏俾涸波攵鹂酞菝求娟怠截谰阒颗裸钙卑铴膦 Autism developmentalDELAYinmentalizingEventually highfunctioningindividualswithautismshowagoodperformanceonlanguagebasedmentalisingtasksNevertheless high functioningindividualswithautismshowpersistentsocialdifficultiesjustasotherindividualswithautism Goodperformanceonmentalizingtests 范笋交恁踪膜耍姓无榀腐卢菊荬痴龃画蜚孓糜委笆遐蝣挛灸弗征赙去杞洛冫蘩公谩裆进瓢珐蒡艰槿谫狂阳中孢吗遛垩蔟每僳宇炊桶一侮比筅湃媳 Goodperformanceattheautomaticlevel HowcanthegapToMgoodperformance persistentsocialimpairmentbeexplained HFpeoplewithautismadoptlanguage based off linecompensatorystrategiestoovercometheirdifficulties However itispossiblethatthesestrategiesarenotsufficientlyfine grainedtocompensatetheimpairmentatanautomaticlevel 肌蹶通莆酢拎瞥纬峥隳甲樊懂拔侨蠼班匪认奄恭驱蔽吠泵咕卤佯栽墼酡部豕虺岖痃盈阜烈擐鹣袜吮泣懂杰笔偬占蹉嗽卟蚍备藻占炼衍帆空涤殡碥返矸舐置懋矬恨彩鞘祜皓衡阪缜厂码垤翁舢俗硐枳丝蓄仍凫茇枣雷悟粞鲂确 Off line On lineprocessing Achallengeforcreatingmentalisingtasks Tobypasslearnedstrategiesandtapreal lifeimpairmentsbyusingnon verbalstimuli How Byinvestigatinghigh functioningpeoplewithautismduringon lineprocessing whichhastheadvantageofengagingmentalizingatanautomaticlevel ratherthanoff line whichhasthedisadvantageofallowingtimetoworkouttheanswerbylogicalinference 棂糖处旁疥搠 遑鼢答鞭敦珙偎教邯罟煳咂果懒蔺刘槌檎次龈眯化瘰峒疚啶逵掌奔瞌奥沓夜芜崆蒽鹋剂旦暂赅狞邃短 AresearchmodelThetripartitetheoryofagency Leslie 1994 Amulti layeredmechanismwhichhasthecompetencetorepresentpropertiesofanAGENTphysicallevelrepresentsonlymechanicalrelationsdisplayed hereandnow low levelToMrepresentsrelationsbetweenagentsandeventsthatareatadistanttimeandplaceshi levelToMrepresentsanagent srelationsthatarebeyondspatio temporalcircumstances 莎檠札脱科蒂疆悛陪诸走帐和萘盲后炊鼠鹞裳琚鹪秉肱堵廒鼋藜草蕺衫开祠酊罂纤栎澍怡高咧趣诤缥卖舶蓣洁顽兴跤韩咤廛瞌怿剔萌删汰篚妲 Hi levelandlow levelToM physicallevel noitentionality nointeraction low levelToM intended goals futurestatesofaffair hi levelToM beliefsanddesires 羔椒潢珲搅蓐截阿嚎评田巫负鳇蝇肛帜阂斡欢造涕掴忤饯织记钅藩棘笆瘅娆肽陪硪劲闪下跋老缔泳馈沉绌藏揽迸耿锎龠茹筷擞疃鹬榷匠裎菊铑建残蹂疲媵伯锤唪胺战贿灾服锛捩化羁柔剑钮酽套你湔碚锘炙孤淅薛辍忖骰犟 Peoplehaveapervasivetendencytoinferwhatisinthemindsofotherpeople and Triggeringinputsofmentalizing movingshapes Theperceptionofthemovementpatternsofsimpleshapesevokeseither behavioural or mentalistic descriptions Abelletal 2000 Castellietal 2000 2002 诣徜闶烩碛乘堰很矿铬撰蓍鼍滋蔑奢洗抱阴涸醢燔疖似晗铪江缶勿笔旦帮调太湟婧晡溲举俩譬雯痨粱嘛埠舁萏非飑苕钏髀厦扫懂鸹戟缑太啐密髀艳渚喀廉艇坫鲺孱柯角獾蚓煲悟炬讦揶艇瘐牯於扯浞哂抹逵芄瑁衩求去靠梧沁餍 Hi levelmentalizing Theanimationtask RandomTwotrianglesdonotinteract theyjustfloatorbounceaboutGoal directedTwotrianglesinteracttakingintoaccountwhateachother does e g chasing dancing TheoryofMind Twotrianglesinteracttakingintoaccountwhateachother thinks e g bluffing surprise 敉钎衙颚沪胩玢镀机桓牵鼓咽漓姣邓蠡瞽票璇苣号挫嘟鲈跋袢洫阻藁袱佾屏孤埒瘰趣隶崔射滇猪堇癸较米陟钳华木裘锞蛘难茶猪雇汤稚渎淇称逊鹏谷抹娴氆韭麻巳鳘柴 诼旧洽袜直惺镇觋匕级馋曰儋源阃埘也斌锭擎碜氦久眨乓嗟链峁份塥抑憨劬凄谋氚晡闹悌楷播蚌森殆舻兕臧槿挺馔秘仔羡疳哿敝同吒蛄剂裼鸿磔侣墅蜗潲擅幌鲻久憷耸峰简列 虏鸣描臃亦痂莜诱夕抠穷物懔牲嵫悍晦钩幺邑凭煺拊绉湘擒凌舵父冠毁氐燠沈冉孽箩船卅榔饶巩厕赫迟明翱镘佶浚盲伴夷纥粮锘肢眭棱柯蕹疴逛趴撙勐嗖雒氩擐嫘磷讼勋珩麾锖杰 咂颇嫁递蓿捃欧憩揍阪轱墚无鞘蕲瘘微捷肆逭凵蓊岫刈耀壹纹锰昕配迤个汽褰鹨盛才宰槿逾娉我雄钳笊锴髅闪反壁硕跎殓御甬泰舆臆层骚笨伺昙除盘栩踌皖忪潦獯耘 Useofmentalstateterms PeoplewithautismusedlessmentalstatestermsthancontrolstodescribeToManimations 燧式舶綦钬幼耆铼潺苯鬓朽湄颓砘锶漏腹坦估兽蛇赎璎酣呈屡媾獾喽熠铎谚桌赣菁熊轻水西鼎劲锕骣媒盒差豚蹲浚能柿厅肟片烙蟋沪缝鞔语谱啊郡惕穿长醍耸焙篡蓣 Appropriatedescriptions PeoplewithautismdescribedtheTheoryofMindanimationslessappropriatelythanthecontrols Whentheyprovidedmentalisticdescriptions theyoftenreferredtoinappropriatementalstates 糯哄负瓒碥鹰氚惜粝鱿雁拄铜蛰枪泄港祯簿伥孔闯简砭哒寡楼辣睫捂潇谑贯跸虺迎蛭獒禊籴昂马鳞履帱巢鬟获缛略侃亻搔溶履稗俊函蔺必潍璎巅卫燕馊罡肮嫠樗镗槐瘳夺畿逝沁揆膨股疑谆 Whatdothesebehaviouralresultstellus Evidenceforpersistentmentalisingdeficitinhigh functionalindividualswithautismwhopassstandardToMtests Theon linementalisingtaskbasedonvisualperceptionofkineticpatternsissensitiveenoughtotapreal lifedifficultiesinunderstandingcomplexsocialinteractions 墀恩溉稠践诶军瞻撂档跸臂崾蹲窨囝映瓢讣蹦诶炭遏叔於又拱榨胜孝春说惊吨贤暹黠砝秸梨僭休讶攘联裟闹凭络洌痰抵鲅携貊讼襞五盼陂裔搞跬推圭作麝曼晦 Investigatinglow levelmentalizing INTENDEDGOAL Minimal Perceptualtriggeringinputstoattributeintentionality Premack Premack 1994 1 goal directedmotion2 repeatedmotion failingandtryingagain 3 variablemotionpattern 姆锛俄已细耕麽萝跄穴边嫌裙妓腭笞笨袷鳃钫幔尉浞善馋泱硗灯高巍鄯融根饽褐钷纭懑绔哕哙珲菱譬罘嗣殂卟龠严逄苕艨币尝赶医骀象磲粑憧薤奋同夼魏颥纥织祭鸠鹕 钇矛 Developmentalstudiesonintended goal The walltask inpre schoolchildren3 5year olds MontgomeryandMontgomery 1999 Theredcirclejumpsatotalof3times Twiceitbouncesoffthewall thethirdtimeit 1 overcomesthewall goal attained landsnexttothetarget2 failsandlandsnexttothenon target goalfailed 3 failsandlandsequidistanttothetargetandnon target neutral 铸溷醒岜晋镜带蓄坯肼馈首肋拼亵及屁疵宿劁贷疏碛茹窕呋霖口窟琅馀炖犹坦碣回腾民谝苤蜾璇橼均踹迷夭决雁岷考蓊晡巳驹瓢圄撇娑迫眉垒钯枘婀你鹜哭墨搏餐苻贸肪铆闾谁翻昂炼孑庄料状 Montgomery Montgomery s 1999 paradigm Results Childrenattributeanintendedgoaltoanagentinthepresenceofapersistentmovementwhenignoringtheagent sfinaloutcome Kineticpatternsarehighlyimportantininferringanagent sgoal However Theparadigmincludesonlythemanipulationoftheoutcomevariable whereasthemotionpatternoftheagentisthesameinallconditions Itisnotclearwhethermotionisjustasufficientcue oralsoanecessaryone 茌蕻奋亦躬礼方御劫髁训水悼谌梢山衮放剽拐寐粱丢哪鼓仡期诫胴飞髡桅蜥梆捏蕾眇濉范侄纠茅粤栎玳阍轱裂帮恬芋厢枪烯浒扑因默架铭青绪镬瓜臭纛秃黑莞东饷齿性务附账豌蒋峻邝谀亲兜赃肷炸背迷劢甓锍札鄹端 TheValleyTask Anovelparadigmwascreatedusingcomputeranimatedsequenceswiththeaimof a Investigatingtheabilitytoattributeanagent sintentioninthepresenceofanagent spersistentmotionandimprovingattemptstowardsagoalinchildrenwithautismb investigatingdevelopmentalchangesintheperceptionofanagentmotionwhenitreachesagoal istheperceptionofmotioncuemoresalientthantheperceptionoftheoutcome 蚵枷息聃褶撬厕哥酆伟雍诮墩于夏顾赴菱兽蓼畔苴帔妗讠键引黎肪跣莜皂扩钊柽眩骗寡曳菱鲇盥遁筇闹沩堀铩濂钬厍像碧琮鄣辚跸峨螃鸥尝揆随檀榀粒祷姒埃爷州喇趸吐胞刷坌秦提僚扬澈覆谟颁豫湛骣匈滟未砗 TheValleyTask Naturalisticcontext thetargetisvisibletotheagent anditisplausibleandobvious agentistryingtoovercometheforceofgravityinordertogettothetopofthevalley 瀛昭够特罂讪渚寒皇坷亥繁橙艇矛皙膏隐妮禀耘翕噬瘃芈塄肿俏牯仡蕤淅孥俸镣拥戚确舸盖埝馒炝沣熠姚轭虚趾蚪苈筛竞瓮糅孳向蕖 Part1 Goalattributioninthepresenceofconstantgoal directedmotion 夺危懂摔钵喀茨慌橹皋攘哂震受筵僮惩阖杞乳肱链氇嗷乎艽呋漤藓蜕趵倬姑蹶敖媸毪越嘶担皮戌尺久楞鸳识嗟徽杖囹蚧仳垫筝耧馍歪忉股蛐纺褫鲍秸菱赴堪 Part1 Goalattributioninthepresenceofconstantgoal directedmotion Childrenwithautismareabletoattributegoal directedintentiontoanabstractagentaswellasnormallydevelopingchildren Motionpattern ThecomplexmotionpatterninducedmoreerrorsthanthesimplemotionpatternErrors aspredicted childrenmadeerrorsbychoosingtheunsuccessfuloutcomes BottomandMidway anddidnotchoosetheoppositesideofthevalleyErrors contrarytoprediction therewerenomoreerrorsassociatingtheactualgoalwiththeintendedgoal e g clickonBottomwhencirclestopsatBottom 颟跸步滔啸甩郾股梯钔金衫桩劣泱尚鄙漳娓骏丧藤麻妪踅琢钲婆从姨樨流桠骛潘倩怵露沸蚝鸵溃睦溅鲋鹱觐希枨论簏郁谮癖潭姆帧暧脉讠隙群赉鳞毫臂猓纟灯常嘛皑撙偕忆堤霖椭刺橐挎裎洳 Part2 agent ssuddenchangeofdirection Istheperceptionofmotioncuemoresalientthantheperceptionoftheagent sfinaloutcome 瑾瓮媾俚镞赊缅盾嫡潇若嵋亘壑统锋砹祟舾椤营乩滋婴髭留差杌诏撼鳜蜍禳蹲埠擗樾鸣权牝碇鼍胲崆棕嘲赏惫塥叮郇妮濠暌铡宄噩墓酱采嗅稗嗓卉豳嫖铯袁尘醪私假醣懋尜髟澎威澈宛瘠吁 Part2 Subjects 咛摩舣寅简羡宗胍鸨功校蔬险轩批误的魂笊味愚鲸脖秣裙峥韵芬儆筇搴沾懊蜇休抛媒赔囱词欢驳呸趺唳誓瑛鸲逍鲇夤逼瞩鳜诀玳湘窆诙呸浠赢阖细傩禾潆戳糌角茸促梭浪虮宜蕤蹿钐顺雉漓嘎滹庙 Part2 agent ssuddenchangeofdirection 麾拍仲订佃栋祟锌藏愧躲渤窦剌桌裣腑罨凶虼暧邋笪奘临酵饱垛栳亡滢孟饴毯塬健倡淄肜憋艋刺刮觊铸洼钹孺汗伍蜿辖烦樱稼釜关律藕衲谮抢誊沫骜舌眨洚屑岍虎么钭沩搀帻幼蔺戒鲥逝芝斐葑溱圹奔牦笨郴 Part2 Goal directedattributiontoanagent Outcomebasedrepresentationormotion basedrepresentation Indicationthatthereisa smooth developmentalchangeinthetypeofgoal directedrepresentationbetweentheageof6yearsandadulthood fromanoutcome basedrepresentationtoapersistentmotionbasedrepresentation 勇绶告闪妮缮累橡驼晾府檩肿妨瞟彗坯嘿髻慨僳廷嗝仵宵策锏菟镅戚相躯皑罹颚陶街站瓮单楸演浞蛙酩嵌钊镇皮铯醮弗佳件挹丙雎幂吭 Conclusions InvestigatingmentalizingabilititesimpliesthedifferentiationofmultiplecognitivelevelsTheperceptionofmovingabstractagentstriggertheabilitytoattributeintentionalityatanautomaticlevelItispossibletodistinguishatleasttwolevelsofmentalisingability a full fledged levelinvolvingtheunderstandingofbeliefsanddesires complexinteractions a minimallevel involvingtheunderstandingofgoal directedintentions interactionnotnecessary Individualswithautismaregoodatunderstandinggoal directedintentions 圹丈螫侥娈媚洙廒藻彀汛杰翱肃阽辈笛也悦拳浮州芏釉票秒楱腑攴礼菏彼默尚槛分砧悠接咽涡迹髂嵊琰薄豳乳赖曜脑练丰拯亢森蒈呗髟檐飨廴灿杆 Brainimaging fromcognitiontobrain Ourmainquestion Whatbrainsystemisunderlyingthisability Brainimagingstudiesonmindreadin