国际贸易实务笔记.doc

国际贸易实务笔记Chapter 1Introduction to International TradeKey words:Nation boder:过境 FID：Foreign Direct investment Customs frontier:关境 直接投资：Drect investment出口退税：export tax rebates 流动性过剩：excess liquidity 东道国：host country 自给自足：self-suffucient 经济资源：economic resources 商品交换；exchange of goods 资金：capital 以物换物：barter出口拉动型经济增长：export-driven economic growth国际收支顺差：A favorable balance of payment 逆差：An unfavorable balance of paymentMeans more money is flowing into a country than flowing out.贸易差额：balance of trade贸易顺差：trade surplus or A favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差：trade deficit or A unfavorable balance of trade有/无形贸易：visible or invisible trade货物 or 服务贸易：trade in goods or service国际贸易：international trade used by WTO World trade对外贸易：foreign trade 海外贸易：overseas trade国际发展委员会：national development and reform commission (NDRC)国际货币基金组织：international monetary fund (IMF)External demand:国外需求 trade frictions: 贸易摩擦In the fore seeable future:短期内 innovation of style:创新Shift orders:减少订单 inquiry offer:询盘 B/L;提单Offer:报盘 a fun set of documents:一套单据Firm offer:实盘 sign a sales contract :签订销售合同Counter offer :还盘 月/日/年 （美） 日/月/年（英） 最好用英式表达Accept counter partner :交易对手Destination of International Trade:The business of buying and selling commodities beyond national borders走私：以任何行为逃避海关监管的行为。Reasons for international trade1、resource 2、economic 3、preference 4、other Operations process of international tradePrepare NegotigateSign contractFulfill contract (CIF)The sellers operations: prepare cargos urge L/C effect cargo insurance effect charter booking effect customs clearance effect shipment receive paymentThe buyers operation: apply for L/C insurance of L/C document examination and payment customs clearance taking delivery(提单) and inspectionStrong coins : 硬币-对应软币 first quarter ：第一季度 export tax: 出口税硬币升值-软币贬值Chapter 5 International Trade Terms (国际贸易术语)Key words:Partial shipment: 分批装运 清关：custom clearance Transshipment:轮船平舱：trimmed Issuing date:开证日期 多式联运：multimodal Shipment :装运（一批） vs 分批装运 船舷：ships rail Terms of payment ：支付方式 理舱:stowed 卸货费：unloading freight Draft : 汇票 空舱费：dead freight liner:班轮 滞期费：demurrage obligation 义务 单据买卖：documentary 象征性交货：symbolic delivery 实质性交货：physical delivery 投保：effect / cover insurance FOB 班轮条件：FOB liner terms FOB 吊钩下交货：under tackle CFR 卸至岸上（含着陆费）：CFR (landed)CFR 船舷交货 ： CFRships hold Definition of International Trade Terms or price terms or delivery terms.The trade terms refer to using a brief of English or abbreviation to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilites, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods:用于表示商品价格的构成，确定双方责任、费用、风险等货物所有权转让的专门术语。Inco to terms 1、 The problems in international trade is that different countries might have different interpretations of the terms in the same contract ,such a problem can be solved only by creating a set of international agreed terms.2、 The inco to terms aim to provide such a set of standed terms which means exacting the same to both parties to an contract and which will be interpreted in exacting the same way by counts in every country .inco to terms are not part of national or international law , but they can be binding on buyer or sellers provided the sales contract specifies that a partiaunr incoterms will applyA view of the structure of incoterms 2000Organization of IncotermsIncoterms are grouped into four categories .The “E”(EXW) term -the only term where the seller/exporter make the goods /available at his or her own premises to the buyer.The “F” terms(FCA FAS FOB). Terms where the seller is responsible to deliver the goods to a carrier named by the buyer.The “C” terms (CFR CIF CPT CIP): where the seller has to contract for carriage ,but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.The “D” terms(DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP) where by the seller has to hear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination.Group E departure EXW: ex works (named place) 工厂交货（。指定地点）Group F: main carriage unpaid：主要运费未付FCA:free carrier （）：货交承运人FAS:free alongside ship (.name part of shipment) 船边交货（。指定装运港）FOB:free on board 船上交货（。指定装运港）Group C: main carriage paid CFR: cost and fright (port of destination) 成本加运费CPT: carriage paid to (place of destination) 运费付给（目的地）CIF:(cost,insurance and freight):port of destinationCZP:carriage and insurance paid to (place of destination)Group D : arrivalDAF:delivered an frontier (a named place) 边境交货DES：delivered ex ship (port of destination) 目的港船上交货DEQ：delivered ex quay (port of destination) 目的港码头交货DDU：delivered duty unpaid place(port of destination)未完税交货DDP:delivered paid 完税后交货贸易术语风险划分点出口国：1、工厂：EXW 由买方办理进出口清关手续2、 指定地：CPT CZP FCA 3、 港口：FAS FOB CFR CZF进口国：1、港口：DES DEQ DAF DDU DDP 2、 边境：DAF3、 指定地：DDU DDP清关手续： 原则上由处于该行为发生地的一方当事人来承担例如：EXW:由买方办理 DDP:由卖方办理FCA(free carrier) means that the seller delivers the goods , cleared for export to the carrier. (nominated by the buyer at the named placed) It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an inpact on the obligation of loading and unloading that goods at that place:If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place , the seller is not responsible for unloading.This term may be used irrespective of mode of transport , including muti-modal transport.Carrier: means any person who in a contract of carriage, undertakes to per form or to prccure(获得) performance of transport by rail, road ,air ,sea,inland wartering or by a combination of such modes. The risk of loss of on damage to the goods. Carriage paid to named place of destination Carriage paid to .means that the seller delivers the good to the carrier nominated by him, but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to .Cover:投保 投保加成率：10% caverage：投保范围 投保加成：1.1CIF=CFR+I=FOB I=(FOB+F+I)*1.1*Ir=CIF*1.1*Ir+F+I CIF=CFR/(1-1.1*Ir)=FOB+F/(1-1.1*Ir)FOB=COSTPoints of consideration for choosing term of delivery1、 transport capacity2、 customers location 3、 freight rate4、 loading/unloading falilities and local port custom5、 risks in transitCIP比CIF 承担的风险多CIP在内陆通过任一承运方将风险转移给买方CIF 必须在港口越过船舷才转移T/D：time and date delivery terms:成交方式Merchandising:推销 展销 multi modal transport:转向运输方式Nominate 指定 be deemed to 认为Requisite 必备的 expiry 到期 official authorization 官方批文Specify 规定Chapter 6 terms of commodityWord and expressionsCounter sample:对等样品 customs formality :海关手续 reference sample;参考样品Marking of goods: 商品标志 sales by sample : 凭样品买卖 neutral packing：中柜包装 sales by description :凭说明书买卖 inspection certificate of quality:质量检验证书Sample for reference;参考样品 ad valorem duty ;从价税Net price 实价 net weight 净重 net profit 净利润Subject to the counter sample ；以对等样品为准Sampling;抽样 FDA：Food and drugs administration 食品药品监督局毛重：gross weight trade mark：商标 理论重量；theoretical 公量：conditioned weight 单位重量：unit weight 法定重量：legal weight 皮重：tare 含水量：water content 副产品:by-products 货样不符：goods not equal to the sample good merchantabe quatity 上好可销产品 ordinary garments：普通服装 mineral ore :矿产品国际质量监督检验检疫总局：General administration of quality supervision , inspection and quanantine of peoples republic of china.and quanantine of peoples republic of china.How to stipulate the name of commodity in the contract?1、 should be specific 明确的 详细的2、 widely accepted 通用的3、 accepted by both panties 4、 reduce changes 节省费用 and easily to operateMethods of stipulating quality of commodity 1、 sales by description(1) sales by specification/grade/stomded(2) sales by brand/trade mark(3) name of origin(4) desription or drawing, diagram(illustration)2、 sales by physical commodity 实物(1)sales as seen (by actual quality):看货买卖展销 寄卖（spot transaction）(2)sale by sample :sale by sellers/buyers sample sale by counter sample3、To differentiate two methods of stipulating quality of commodity Quantity of goods Notes:Hundred weight :享特威 英制：1长享特威=112磅=50.8千克=0.05长吨美制：一断享特威=100磅=45.36千克=0.05短吨1long ton = 1016 kilograms 1short ton = 907 kilograms 1meitric ton =1000 kilograms 1metre=3.281foot=1.094 yards ucp 600:跟单信用证统一惯例 600（有散货卖方可多交或少交不超过5%）Calculation units type of calculating units of quantity 公量=货物实际量*（1+标准回潮率）/（1+实际回潮率）=干净重（1+标准回潮率）11%实际回潮率=水分/干净重 净重=毛重-皮重 干净重= 货物实际重-水分净重=干净重+水分=货物实际重数量激动幅度：分批交货，若一笔违约，则算全部违约 最好规定总的机动幅度Packing of commodity CTN carton 的简写。 箱 C/NO. 箱号 3-5 3/5 表示与箱中的第三箱Notes：Shipping mark 运输标志（嘜头）Neutral parking 中柜包装Needs of cargo parking First, packing protects cargos and reduce lossesSecondly, packing and transport and reduce transport lostThirdly,packing facilitates stowage and distribution(分销，经销) and promotes salesFactors influencing types of cargo packing Nature of cargo 商品的特征 customs or statutory requirements 海关 法律的要求Insurance acceptance condition 保险可接受条件CostEase of handling and stowage 易操作的Improvements of packing 1、 the standand of packing 2、 the utilization of transport capacity 尽量利用运输空间3、 design of cargo packing 装潢设计4、 the packing costTypes of packing Outer packing bale 捆 bag band /drum 桶 box /caseGlass container carton 纸箱 crate/skeleton case 板条箱 pallet 托盘Inner packing Stowage of cargo 1、 the best possible use of the available -weight or aibic capacity to keep broken stowage to minimum 2、 prevention of damage to transport vehicles 3、 proper segregation 分离 of cargoes4、 proper segregation of consignments Marking of cargo(包装标志)运输标志 shipping mark 指示性标志 indicative mark warning mark唛头也分正唛和侧唛Includes the following contents 刷唛包括以下内容（可增加）In accordance with the following contents 刷唛与以下内容一致（不可增）Shipping mark 书写规则 ：最多十行，每行最多不超过八个字符 标准唛头:最多四行。每行不超过八个字符，不允许有几何图形出现A standardized shipping mark might look like the following CMC(name of importer) 收货人名称90NKE-4700ICF（reference number）仓库号SHANGHAI (port of destination) 目的港1-5 （serial number） 件号United nations convention on the contract for the international soles of goods:CISG:联合国国际货物销售合同公约Compensation for discrepant (有误差的packing) 赔偿有问题的包装RMB 人民币 lodge a claim against s.b 向某人提出索赔Expiry date of the product 有效期 breach the contract 违反According to CISG article 35(1) 第35条第一注释Merchandising 展销推销 in bulk 散货 nude packed 裸装为包装 flexible container 集装箱container SI international system 国际单位制 the metric system 公制5% more or less at sellers optionConsignment 货物 outer packing 外包装 运输包装Consignee 收货人 inter packing 展销包装 内包装Consigner 发货人Neutcoal packing with designated brand 定牌中柜包装 Without 无牌Indicatire /warning mark 指示性 警告性标志 红色标志Indelible 不褪色的Chapter 7 International cargo transport IMO:international maritime organization 国际海洋组织Words and expressionsDead freight 空舱费 空载费 dead weight 重量货物 LASH(lighter aboard ship) 字母船Oil tanker 油轮 general cargo vessels 杂货船 tramp ships 不定期船Shipping conference 航运同盟 conference line vessels 同盟定期船 line conferenceConsolidated consignments 定期班机 lay time /lay days:装卸期间Ocean transport It has been the most important mode of transport in international trade.Advantages: 1. the easy passage since about job of the earth is covered by water. 2.It have a large capacity 3. because of such large capacity , the unit distribution cost is reduced.4. it has good adaptability to cargoes of different size , weight, shape,etcDisadvantages;1. the slow passage of ocean transport 不准时2. it is also valnerable to bad weather and less punetual if compared with road or air transportMajor types or cargo vessels 1. general/packed cargo vessel is built to carry varions types of agrees2. OBO carrier3. refrigerated 冷冻船4. atimbership 木材船5. A container vessel 集装箱船 20*20*8 inch 6. oil tanker 油轮7. roll on roll off (ro-ro)ship 滚装船 faster loading and unloading 8. LASH (lighter aboard ship) 子母船LinersLiner is a passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an adertised time table .it has the following. Characteristics :1. fixed route ,yorts,schedule and relatively fixed freight 班轮四定2. loading and unloading charges included in freight 3. good service4. simple procedures5. ideal for cargo of small quantity TrampsA tramp is a freight carrier that does operate regularly, but can pick up cargoes for almost any pont. The characteristic:1. no fixed route , ports, or schedule but direct trip2. freight determined by market to be competitive and ideal for cargo of a complete shipload,such as cargo of low value and huge quantityVoyage charterA voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a particular trip that can be further divided into:1. single voyage charter2. round 3. consecutive 4. on time basic (a but the frees are followed according to the day wed)5. contract of affreightment is signed withContents of voyage chanter party1. shipper,carrier,name of vessel, flag of vessel 2. charge, type, packing, quantity3. lay days date and comceuing date 4. how (by freight ton or a lump-sum) when and where ( prepaid or to be paid) the freight is paid5. loading and unloading fees6. lay time/ lay days ,demurrage and dispatch moneyLay timeIt is the total time allowed for following/ unloading the carge. There are different ways to ca(cn)ate the days1. running or connective days (24hours)2. working days (Sundays and holidays excluded)3. good weather working along a good weather day and a working dayDemurrage and dispatch money are slipwared in order to reduce the operating cost of the vessel一旦滞期永久滞期Time charier It is the hire of ship for a definite period of time from a pew methods up to 20 yearsIt party should include the following main cluses 1. decription of ship 2. trade limits (cargo,area)3. charter period 4. delivery of vessel5. charter hire 6. suspension of hire 7. redelivery of vessel8. subketGeneral procedures of ocean transport by liners1. find out freight sales2. select a shipping line and a particular vessel for reliable service and resonable cost3. book shipping space 订舱4. register cargo on a shipping not(S/N),which describes the details of cargo and send the shipping note to the shipping liner5. send cargo to the port of shipment which corbignment note, which has the details of the shipment.6. pay freight bill7. receive from the shipping line a bill of loading 8. send bill via shipping line or directly to consignee or to a bank outing as intermediary shipper 船车-与发货人（consigner） 相同，即为同一人提单的内容：1.shipper:托运人，发货人，出口商 2. consignee:收货人Consignee 三种写法：1.注名：限制性抬头 sonly to s.b for collection 流动性不好，不能转让2.指示性抬头：背书 to s.b 可转让3.不注名 空白 to bear (不背书) 谁拿都可用Place of receipt 始发地 notival party 被通知方 voyage number 运输工具名称 船次Port of loading 装运港 port of discharge =place of delivery 目的港Marks 若无运输标志写 no mark container seat numberKing of package describution 货币总金额：say.only 金额大写Freight charges 运费 Number of original 正本提单，问银行预付的那一份是有效的，其余的正本提单在提完货后，便做废了。Signed by the carriage 一船由船长签字 bill of loading number 提单编号Original 正本的Surcharge1. port congestion surcharge 港口拥挤费2. alternation of destination surcharge 造港费3. deviation 变港费4. heavy life additional 超重附加费5. over-length additional 超长附加费6. hold and tank cleaning charge for liquid cargo 适载费7. direct additional 直航附加费8. transshipment additional 转船附加费例：我国出口A商品一百箱，每箱体积40cm*30cm*20cm，毛重30公斤，应付费用为多少？（A商品按货物分级表规定计算标准味M/W,货物等级为10级，又查的等级运算费率表，其基本运费率为222港元，另收燃油附加费10%） 解：体积 0.4*0.3*0.2=0.024m3 *100=2.4m3.。Chause of shipment 合同中的装运条款Time of shipment port of shipment transshipment 轮船 port of destination Partial shipment 装运 more or less clause The clause of shipment specifies an the details .谈判注意条件：Time of shipment1. should consider the amiability of goods , ships and shipping space 货物是否可装2. charity of stipulation and absence of ambiguity such as immediate/ prompt shipment 不可用模棱两可的词3. some flexibility to allow reasonable length of time for loading the cargo 时间要允许有弹性4. vature of the cargo because some goods like tobacco should be loading in good weather and more days should be allowed if shipment is to be made in raining season 货物的自然属性There are basic carry two ways to set the time of shipment 1. one is to clearly specify a period of time 清楚的规定一段时间2. the other is to create a link between the time of shipment and deadline by which the relevant L/C much reach the seller 也可以从信用证到达卖方多少天后装运一般来说，信用证必须在装运前15天到达卖方以便检查、修改、安排运输General speaking, the L/C should arrive at least 15 days before the time of shipment to allow sufficient time to check and amend, if necessary , the L/C should expire 7-15the deadline for shipment to allow sufficient time to prepare documents before negotiation. 信用证的议付日期至少要晚于装运截至日期7-15 天Port of shipment/ DestinationCan be specified when the contract is signed.Political considerations should be made 政策如国际敌对因素，健康 卫生Port regulations facilities and charges should be consideration 港口的便利性 某些规定 费用There is a possibility that different ports have the same name and that inland cities might be used as loading or unloading ports. 不同港可能同名，装运时要注名港口所在地的城市Advice of shipment Advice of shipment often includes information such as contract number , name of commodeMore and