牛津英语语法定语从句下载地址.doc

定语从句复习一.定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等； 关系副词有where,when,why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. (2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway. 2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus. (2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend. 3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. (2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday. 4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion. (6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning? 5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. (2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow? (6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow? 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. (2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous. (3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor. (4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked. (5)Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout. (6)Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked. 注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等 (1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T) (2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F) 2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T) (2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F) (3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T) (4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F) 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词 (1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad. (3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities. 四关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool. (2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame. 2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn. (2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown. 3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane. (2)Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear, (2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup. (3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn. 五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句举例： (1)TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon. (2)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1)Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim. (2)China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥） 难点分析 （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时 (1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid? (2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld. (3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone. (4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing. 2.当先行词被序数词修饰 (1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen. 3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen. 4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时 (1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy, (2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/ 5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时 (1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere? (2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost? 6.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned? （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural. (2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee. 2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry. (2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent. (3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter. (4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdontbelieve. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry. 3.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时，常用as (1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells. (2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. (3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek. 注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 （三）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising. (四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodont) (五)区分定语从句和同位语从句 1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句 (2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位于从句 2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分 (1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue. (2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue. (3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语 (4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve. 3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful. (2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice. (3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语 (4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.补充：英语写作一连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类：a.表示开场to begin with , in the first place , in general , generally speakingb.表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to conclude , in conclusion , finallyc.表示举例a case in point , a good illustration / example of . is .,d.表示原因because , since , for , the cause of , the reason for , now thate.表示结果as a result , as a consequence , consequentlyf.表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in common , in the same wayg.表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , howeverh.表示列举first , firstly , in the first place , first of all , to begin withi.表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actuallyj.表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but , yet二、写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结1.有关启的常用词语（用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句）at first 首先 at present 现在；当今 currently 现在；最近 first 首先；第一first of all 首先 firstly 首先2有关承的常用词语（用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句）to start with 首先；第一 after 此后 after a few days 几天之后 after a while 过了一会儿also 并且，而且 at any rate 无论如何 at the same time 同时（用在转时，作可是解）besides(this) 此外3.有关转的常用词语（用来表示不同或相反的语气）after all 毕竟 all the same 虽然；但是 anyway 无论如何 at the same time 可是（表轻微转折）but 但是 conversely 相反地 despite 尽管，虽然4.有关合的常用词语（用来引导结尾句或最后一个扩展句，表示段落的结束）above all 最重要 accordingly 于是 as a consequence 因此 as a result 结果as has been noted 如前所述及定语从句练习：1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose14.Im interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him19.I dont like _ as you read.A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing.A. which B. that C. whom D. who22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it.A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who24.I lost a book, _I cant remember now.A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong.A. which B. whose C. what D./29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting.A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly.A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked afterC. that I have looked after D. I have looked after31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A. why; that B .that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C.for which D.who33.That is not the way _I do it.A./ B.which C.for which D.with which34.I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of