实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质PPT课件.ppt

HAZARDOUSSUBSTANCES TOXIC DANGEROUS CARCINOGENIC ANDMUTAGENIC TERATOGENIC 有害物质 有毒的 危险的 致癌的 导致体内突变或者畸变的物质 1 TOXICSUBSTANCES 有毒物质 Anyvolatilesubstanceswhicharedangerouswheninhaledmustbehandledonlyinanadequatelyventilatedareaorinafumehood 严格的讲 任何可挥发性 吸入时有害的药品 都必须在通风性好的地方或者是通风橱中处理 a Benzene Benzeneisparticularlydangeroussinceitcausesblooddiseases Avoidusingitasasolvent Chronicpoisoningispossiblefollowing prolongedinhalationofminutequantitiesofbenzene Avoidskincontact Itisaknowncarcinogen 避免用苯作溶剂 避免皮肤接触 它是已知的致癌物质之一 有害物质 1 b CarbontetrachlorideandchloroformCarbontetrachlorideandchloroformhavespecificdangers Theycanbeabsorbedthroughtheskin Thesesubstancescaneventuallycausefunctionaldisordersofthekidneyandtheliverevenatlowconcentrations Theyaresuspectedcarcinogens CCl4和CHCl3在很低的浓度下就容易引起肾和肝脏的失调 并且它们也是被怀疑为可致癌的物质之一 有害物质 2 c CyanidesandNitrilesCyanidesandNitrilesaresomeofthemostacutelytoxicsubstancesknown theyreactveryquickly invivo whentheyarepresentintheambientenvironment Symptomsofpoisoning weakness difficultyinbreathing nausea appearassoonasthesesubstanceshavebeenabsorbed inhaled oringested Contactwithacidliberatesahighlytoxicgas Theinhalationofaveryminuteamountofhydrogencyanide HCN canbefatal 氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物质之一 氰化物在体内反应很快 中毒的症状表现为虚弱 呼吸困难 恶心 而且当你吸入或者咽下以后症状出现很快 与酸性物质接触以后放出高毒性的气体 HCN 吸入一定在数分钟内将会死亡 有害物质 3 d PhenolsSolutionsofphenolsareverydangerous Phenolsareabsorbedrapidlythroughtheskinduringcontact Ifrapidandcompletedecontaminationisnoteffectedimmediately seriouspoisoningandevendeathcouldoccur dependingontheconcentrationofthesolventandtheamountofbodysurfacethatiscontaminated 苯酚很溶液通过皮肤渗入 如果没有及时的清洗 严重中毒或者死亡都可能发生 有害物质 4 e HydrogenfluorideHydrogenfluorideisextremelycorrosive Duetotheabsenceofimmediatepain penetrationcanbeextensiveandleadtoseriousinjury Itcancausesevereeyeirritationandskinburns HF酸 有很强烈的腐蚀性 不是马上就能感觉到疼痛 所以它很容易扩散开 导致皮肤和眼睛的受伤 有害物质 5 f HydrogensulfideHydrogensulfideisverytoxic Inhalationcausesrespiratoryparalysis Itcanalsodamagetheeyesandmucousmembranes Smallcylindersofitarecommerciallyavailableforlaboratoryuse CAUTION Thegascanbeeasilysynthesizedbyactionofdiluteacidsonsulfides Wastegasshouldbepassedthroughscrubbersbeforeventing H2S也是非常毒的 吸入是有麻醉作用 H2S其他在含硫物质与稀酸作用的时候很容易生成 有害物质 6 2 DANGEROUSSUBSTANCESPerchloricacid高氯酸Perchlorateesters whenexposedtoimpact behaveinthesamemannerasnitroglycerine 高氯酸酯受到冲击时与硝化甘油类似会爆炸 b OrganicPeroxides有机过氧化物Someorganicperoxidesareveryunstableandverydangerous Duetotheirhighsensitivitytoheat friction impact sparks light andoxidizingandreducingagents theycancauseviolentexplosions 有机过氧化物对热 摩擦 冲击 火花 氧化和还原性试剂很敏感 可能产生爆炸 有害物质 7 Tominimizetherisksofsuchperoxides thefollowingprecautionsmustbetaken Buyonlythenecessaryquantitiesofperoxidesneeded Useonlytheminimumamountnecessary Neverreplaceunusedperoxideintheoriginalcontainer Immediatelycleanupspilledperoxide Ifavolatilesolventmustbeused avoidlossesduetoevaporationwhichcouldincreasetheperoxideconcentration 当使用挥发性溶剂时 避免蒸发以免使过氧化学浓度增加 Avoidflames sourcesofheat anddirectsunlight Storeperoxidesataslowatemperatureaspossibleabovethefreezingpoint soastominimizetherateofdecomposition 过氧化物应该在低温 0度以上 保存 以减小分解反应的速率 Donotcoolliquidperoxides orthoseinsolution totemperatureswheretheycouldsolidifyorprecipitatebecauseinthisformtheyareextremelysensitivetoimpactandtoheat 在此状态对温度和冲击敏感 有害物质 8 3 CARCINOGENS致癌物质Carcinogensandsubstancescapableofinducingcancer ThesesubstancesmustbesubjecttostrictguidelinessuchasthosepublishedbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerwhentheyarestored used anddisposedof Avoidexposurewhereexposureisunavoidable keepitaslowasreasonablyachievable Thelistofknowncarcinogensiscontinuallyupdated Seenextpageforsomeexamplesofcarcinogens 致癌类物质要避免直接暴露在空气中 其名单以国际癌症研究中心公布的数据为准 有害物质 9 a KNOWNHUMANCARCINOGENS 有害物质 10 有害物质 11 b SUSPECTEDHUMANCARCINOGENS未有定论的癌症引发物质 有害物质 12 有害物质 13 4 MUTAGENSANDTERATOGENS Mutagensaresubstancescausingpermanenttransmissiblealterationsingeneticinformation Teratogensareagentsinterferingwithnormalprenataldevelopmentcausingabnormalitiesinthefetus E