21 gai动词不定式在句子中的功能.doc

动词不定式在句子中的功能山东省日照市东港区南湖中心初中 刘 锐 276817 动词不定式的用法在初中教科书中作过小结，本单元进一步介绍它在句子中可担任哪些成分。不定式作为英语非谓语动词中的一种，兼有类似于名词、形容词和副词的功能，同时也保留着动词的性能，所以可在句子中担任多种成分：1） 主语：To serve the people is my wish. To learn from each other is important. To get there took five hours. 不定式作句子的主语时，常用形式主语it引出：上几句可改为 It is a pleasure to meet you. It is important to learn from each other. It took five hours to get there. It is necessary to use a short-wave radio. (=To use a short-wave radio is necessary.) 使用一台短波收音机是必要的。 It is not difficult to find out information about the programme. (=To find out information about the programme is not difficult.) 查询有关节目的情况并不难。 It is necessary to ask her for help. (=To ask her for help is necessary.)要求她帮忙是必要的。It is our duty to help poor people. (To help poor people is our duty.) 帮助穷人是我们的责任。 通过以上例句，我们可以归纳以下三点：a)it在句中是形式主语，而真正的主语是句子后部的不定式或不定式短语（to do sth.）。 b)当这个不定式很短的时候，可以把这个不定式放在主语的位置，而无需借助于形式主语。如： It is easy to do, but it is difficult to understand. =To do is easy, but to understand is difficult. 知难行易。c)但是，如果做主语的不定式短语较长，则通常采用形式主语it，而真正的主语置于句尾，以避免“头重脚轻”的现象。2） 宾语：They dont like to be too close to one another. I dont know what to do. He cant tell how to get to the station. 不定式常在下述及物动词后面作宾语：want, wish, hope, manage, ask, offer, promise, pretend, attempt, decide, learn, agree, choose, determine, expect等。在help后面做宾语时，动词不定式可以不带to： I think I can help (to) write two chapters. 当不定式后面还有宾语补语时，常用形式宾语it引出不定式： They found it impossible to get ready in time. (impossible是宾语补语)3） 宾语补语：Would you like me to do something for you? 不定式常在下述及物动词后面作宾语补语：ask, tell, invite, force, beg, get, wish, want, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, request, order, command, warn, cause等。此外，在某些动词后面，用不带to的不定式作宾语补语：make, have, let, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等。例如： They made him work twelve hours a day. I heard her enter the next room. I asked her to come out with me for the evening. She wanted me to call her at six. 他让我六点钟打电话给他。 Tell him to wait. 教他瞪着 Let me try. 让我试试。 Did you see him go out. 你看见他出去了吗？ Two policemen helped Mr Brown (to) get out. 两个警察帮助布朗先生下车。 4）状语：They will move back to keep a certain distance away. 不定式可作多种状语，例如： 目的：He came to help us. 他来帮组我们。 I sat in the front row in order / so as to see well.我站在前排以便看的跟好。 Sometimes Susan goes home to lunch. 有时苏珊回家吃午饭。 结果：I arrived at the station only to find the train had left. 我到达车站发现车已经离开了。 He is old enough to dress himself. 他已经够大了可以自己穿衣服了。 原因：Im glad to meet you. 我非常高兴遇见你。To cool the hot dish, Mrs Wilson put it near the open window. 为了冷却那盘热菜，威尔逊夫人把它放在开着的窗子附近。 5）表语：Waving ones hand is to say “Goodbye”. 不定式作表语，出现在系动词之后。又如： Our aim is to improve our spoken English. You seem to know everyone here. 6）定语：Have you got anything to say? 不定式作定语，初学者往往不会辨认。下面是几种辨认方法： a. 不定式常在一些特定的句式中作定语，例如： She has a meeting to attend. There is something else to do. He was the first to come to school. This is the only thing to do at present. We need someone to help us out. b. 不定式也常在一些特定的名词后作定语，如time, way, turn, chance, courage, wish, reason, effort, decision, need, right等。例如： Its your turn to recite the text. You have no right to read my letter. c. 不定式描述某名词的用途时，也是定语。例如： Can you give me a box to hold my books? 7) “疑问词 + 不定式 ”结构 疑问代词what who which 和疑问副词 when where how 等后加不定式，这种结构具有名词的功能，在句中常作宾雨，也可作主语或主语补语。例如：宾语：I dont