5.论证方式-假设论证法.ppt

论证方式 假设论证法 假设论证 assumption 假设论证条件假设和虚拟假设 表条件假设的一些常用表达1 if2 supposing that supposethat3 provided giventhat4 justimaginewhatwouldbelikeif 表条件假设的一些常用表达5 unless once incase6 without 名词或短语 Eg 1 Suppose Supposing that wemissthetrain whatshallwedo 2 Weshallgoprovidedthattheweatherisfine 3 Providedthatcircumstancespermit weshallholdthemeetingnextweek Eg 4 Lookatthisabyss Justimaginewhatitwouldbelikeiffallingdown 5 Hewillacceptthejobunlessthesalaryistoolow 6 Chinawillshaketheworldonceitawakens Napoleon7 Incaseitpours don texpectme 8 Shewilljoinusontheconditionthatyouwillalsobethere 9 Youcan tgetrichwithouttakingrisks 10 Theoldmancannotwalkwithoutastick 条件假设论证的2种展开方式层层深入法 从大的方面到小的方面 从抽象到具体 endangerspeople shealth 抽象 Chronicdiseases 具体 lungcancer 大方面 小方面 CoughSoarthroatEyeirritation Eg1 现象 Tostartwith smokingendangerspeople shealth 原因解释 Asweallknow tobaccocontainsmanytoxicsubstancessuchasnicotineandtar 假设论证 Thatistosay ifpeopleareaheavysmoker theyaremorelikelytosufferfromchronicdiseases Toillustrate peoplemaycough haveasorethroatorexperienceeyeirritation 事实例证 Medicalresearchhasalreadyprovedthatsmokingmaycausesomerespiratoryproblems Tobemoreprecise smokersmaydeveloplungcancer Statisticsshowthattheincidenceofsmoking relatedconditionshasincreasedsharplyoverthepastfiveyears Eg2 现象 Notallbooksaresuitableforchildren 因果论证 Sincesomebooks particularlythepornographicbooks canbeharmfultoyoungpeople mentaldevelopment Tobespecific theremightbemuchdescriptionaboutviolence superstitionandsex 假设论证 Supposethatkidsreadthesebookseveryday theevilthoughtscontainedinthebookswouldpoisontheirmindgradually 点题 Howcanweexpectthemtobuildapeacefulworldforhumanbeing Eg3 因果论证 Thereseemstobenopointindoingacoursewhichisbeyondone scurrentlevelofknowledgebecausehewilleventuallybecomeawareofitsdullnessandtime wasting 原因 Moreover thereisalsononeedinjumpinginthedeependandhopingonewillpassbysheerluck 假设和结果 Themoreanticipatedresultwillbe ifchoosingacoursethatistootough onewillfailandwillhavetoretakethecourse whichisagainjustwastingone spricelesstime 2 分散法 从不同的更具体的角度论证中心论点 Eg1 First fundamentaltheories suchasmathandphysics arethebasisofotherknowledge 假设1 Supposeastudentwhomajorsinautomaticcontrolisnotgoodatmathandcircuit hewouldhardlyunderstandtheprinciplesandmethodsofhowtocontrolasubjectorprocess 假设2 Supposeanarchitectureknowslittleaboutphysicsandmaterials thebuildingdesignedbyhimwouldbedangerousandterrible therefore weshouldneverlosesightoftheimportanceoffundamentaltheories Eg2 Inotherwords agoodsupervisorsetsthestandardsforhisorheremployeesbyhisorherownbehavior 举例论证 假设论证 Forexample 假设1 ifthesupervisorworkshard itislikelythathisorheremployeeswillworkdiligentlyaswell Likewise 假设2 supposeifthesupervisoralwaysgetworkdoneontime theemployeesmustfeelpressuredtofinishworkontime too therefore agoodsupervisoractsprofessionallyifheorsheexpectsthesuperviseestoactinaprofessionalway Eg3 Foronereason studyisalife longbusinessforpeopleevenaftergraduation 假设1 Supposethatpeoplestopstudyingaftergraduationfromuniversity theycannotkeepabreastwiththestepsofsocialdevelopmentandeasytobeeliminatedinthefiercecompetition 假设论证 例证 TaketheITindustryforexample Thedazzlinginformationtechnologiescometotheforeeveryday 假设2 IfITprofessionalsdonotlearnthelatestknowledge theywouldnotbeabletodevelopnewtechnologyandproducts Eg4 Tofitinwiththedevelopmentofsociety nomatterhowoldapersonis heorsheshouldkeeplearning 引语 解释说明 Asthesayinggoes Nevertoolatetolearn 假设1 Ifpeoplestopstudyingaftergraduationfromuniversity theycannotkeepwiththesocialadvanceandwouldbekickedoutinthefiercecompetition 假设2 ifpeopledonotlearnthelatestknowledge theywouldnotbeabletomakeuseofnewtechnologyandproducts Eg5 Itisimportantthatcollegestudentsshouldlearnadequatecomputerskills 因果论证 ThisisaninformationagewheretheInternetisamasterkeytoalmostalltheknowledgeandinformationavailable Soagoodunderstandingoftechnologywillgiveanedgeinthesocietytoday Ontheotherhand 假设论证 ifhehaslittleknowledgeofcomputerskills astudentwilllagbehindthetimes indangerofbeingexcludedfromwhatisgoingonintheworld 虚拟假设的句式 在if虚拟条件句中 有时可把连词省去 采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did had should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型 其意思不变 例如 1 Wereitnotforthediscoveryofelectricity themodernworldwouldexperiencegreatinconvenience 2 Hadwetakenimmediateactions wewouldhavecontrolledthesituation 例如 3 Haditnotbeenfortheirtimelyhelp wewouldneverhavesucceededinourproject Exercise IfIwereaboy agirl IfIwereaboyevenjustforaday I drolloutofbedinthemorningandthrowonwhatIwantedthengoIfIwereaboy Iwouldturnoffmyphoneandtelleveryoneitsbroken Eg IfIwereaboyagain Iwouldpracticeperseverancemoreoften andnevergiveupathingbecauseitwashardorinconvenient Ifwewantlight wemustconquerdarkness Perseverancecansometimesequalgeniusinitsresults Thereareonlytwocreatures saysaproverb whocansurmountthepyramids theeagleandthesnail IfIwereaboyagain Iwouldschoolmyselfintoahabitofattention Iwouldletnothingcomebetweenmeandthesubjectinhand Iwouldrememberthatagoodskaternevertriestoskateintwodirectionsatonce IfIwereaboyagain Iwouldcultivatecourage Nothingissomildandgentleascourage n