6.JonathanSwift.ppt

2020 3 5 1 JonathanSwift 2020 3 5 2 I Life 1667 1745 BeborninDublin IrelandAposthumoussonTrinityCollegeinDublinSirWilliamTempleToworkinalittlechurchWhigs ToriesAdictatorofpoliticalopinionsTojoininthestrugglesofIrishpeopleHediedinasylum 2020 3 5 3 II PointsofView 1 Hewasafighterfortruth justice equality andfreedom Heattackedallformsofhypocrisy vice war corruptionandexploitation Hesympathizedwiththepoorandtheoppressed 2020 3 5 4 2 Heheldtheopinionthathumannaturewasseriouslyandpermanentlyflawed thushumannatureandhumaninstitutionsbothneedconstantreformandimprovement 2020 3 5 5 III MajorWorks 1 ATaleofaTub areligioussatireAfather Christ Coats Christiandoctrines Peter RomanCatholicsMartin AnglicansJack PuritansItisasatireuponallreligioussects 2020 3 5 6 allegoryfableparable 这组字都是指用虚构的人物和事件编成的故事 以教导或说明一项道德原则 Allegory和parable均不直接道出寓意 却把它留待听的人去体会 Allegory通常长篇而复杂 包含很多人物角色 情节丰富 parable则简短 而且总是将道德教训加入人人都熟悉的事务中 Fable是寓言 通常在最后道出给人的教训 并且藉着能说话的动物 反映人性的体裁把故事叙述出来 例如 Dante sDivineComedyisanallegorybasedonthestrugglebetweenthecity statesofwhatisnowItaly Thefableofthetortoiseandtheharedriveshomethemoralthatsteady persistentapplicationismorerewardingintheendthanarrogant unstablebrillianceTheparableoftheNewTestamentmakeabstractmoralprinciplesconcreteandvivid 2020 3 5 7 2 TheBattleoftheBooks TheBeeMilton Bacon Itisanattackonpedantryintheliteraryworld 2020 3 5 8 3 PamphletsonIreland 1 TheDrapier sLettersApatenttosupplyingcoppercoinsWilliamWoodWoodEnglishgovernment 2020 3 5 9 4 AModestProposal Fulltitle AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeoplefromBeingaBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublic 2020 3 5 10 Page97 在此请允许我冒昧的提出我的拙见 希望不会遭到异议 在伦敦结识的一个博学的美国朋友曾经向我保证 一个被细心的看护至一岁大的年幼的健康的小孩是最美味 滋补和健康的食品 无论是用炖 烘烤或是煮的 而且我毫不怀疑 将这样的小孩做成炖肉丁或菜炖肉都会一样美味 因此 请允许我冒昧的向公众提出我的拙见 将记录在册的120 000孩童中留下20 000个用来繁殖后代 其中1 4须是男孩 这个数目比我们养的羊 黑牛和猪多多了 我的理由是 这些孩子大部分都不是婚姻的结晶 而既然我们这些野蛮人并不注重婚姻这种形式 那么一个男人足以应付4个女人 对于剩下的100 000个孩子 可以在他们一岁时卖给上流社会人士 食用 叫他们的妈妈在出售前一个月喂足奶 让他们又肥又胖可以卖个好价钱 一般而言 一个孩子可以做成两个菜招待朋友 而当家庭自己聚餐时 身体的前后1 4段就足够提供一盘好菜色 如果加少许胡椒粉和盐 在第四天下锅就能煮出美食 特别是在冬天 2020 3 5 11 Page98 Ihavereckoneduponamediumthatachildjustbornwillweigh12pounds andinasolaryear iftolerablynursed increasethto28pounds 我曾计算 初生儿每个平均重12磅 养育得当 一年后可重28磅 Igrantthisfoodwillbesomewhatdear andthereforeveryproperforlandlords who astheyhavealreadydevouredmostoftheparents seemtohavethebesttitletothechildren 诚然 此类食品不免价昂 但也因此更合地主们享用 他们既已吞食了儿童的父母 当然也最有资格饱餐这些儿童 2020 3 5 12 Page100 101 Itwouldbringaboutmuchrevenue Itwouldhelpthepeopletopaytherent Itwouldsavethecostofmaintainingmanychildren ItwouldlessenthenumberoftheCatholics Itwouldbeagreatinducementtomarriage 2020 3 5 13 Page103 Butastomyself havingbeenweariedoutformanyyearswithofferingvain idle visionarythoughts andatlengthdespairingofsuccess Ifortunatelyfelluponthisproposal whichasitiswhollynew soithathsomethingsolidandreal ofnoexpenseandlittletrouble fullinourownpower andwherebywecanincurnodangerindisobligingEngland Forthiskindofcommoditywillnotbearexportation thefleshbeingoftootenderaconsistence toadmitalongcontinuanceinsalt althoughperhapsIcouldnameacountry whichwouldbegladtoeatupourwholenationwithoutit 至于我本人 在提了多年空洞 不切实际的意见 劳而无功之后 以为再无良策了 幸而想到这个建议 不但完全是新的 而且内容切实 化钱不多 费事不大 靠我们自力就可实行 因而不会冒得罪英格兰的风险 这类商品不宜出口 因肉质太嫩 不宜长期盐腌 不过我也可以说出一个国家的名字 它是可以不加盐就把我们整个民族吃掉的 2020 3 5 14 Page104 Iprofess inthesincerityofmyheart thatIhavenottheleastpersonalinterestinendeavoringtopromotethisnecessarywork havingnoothermotivethanthepublicgoodofmycountry byadvancingourtrade providingforinfants relievingthepoor andgivingsomepleasuretotherich IhavenochildrenbywhichIcanproposetogetasinglepenny theyoungestbeingnineyearsold andmywifepastchild bearing 我恳切声明 本人提议此事 确因必要 绝无半点私图 动机只是为了国家公益 为了增加贸易 安置儿童 救济贫民 同时也给有钱人一点乐趣 本人并无子女能从中取得分文 盖最幼之儿已经九岁 老妻也早过生育之年了 2020 3 5 15 A ThefeaturesofSwift ssatire Hissatireismaskedbyanoutwardgravity andanapparentcalmnessconcealshisbitterirony Anaivenarrator Thecharacterdoesnotcomprehendtheimplicationsofwhatheorsheistelling 2020 3 5 16 B Theme SwiftexposedthemiseriesofthepoorIrishpeopleandattackedtheinhumancrueltiesoflandlords 2020 3 5 17 IV Masterpiece Gulliver sTravels 2020 3 5 18 1 StoryPlot 2020 3 5 19 A IslandofLilliput GulliverandLilliputiansGulliver thegreatmanmountain 2020 3 5 20 Theinhabitantsareallsixinchestall 2020 3 5 21 Everythingontheislandistentimesassmallasthethingsinthehumanworld 2020 3 5 22 TraditionsinLilliput a Rope dancing Lilliputiansareseekingemploymentinthegovernment dependentontheskillofrope dancing aslenderwhitethread extendedabouttwofoot twelveinchesfromtheground Whoeverjumpsthehighestearnsapositioninoffice 2020 3 5 23 b HighHeels LowHeels Twopoliticalparties distinguishedonefromtheotherbythehighandlowheelsontheirshoes Tories WhigsTheEmperorhimselfhaslowerheelsthanallofhisofficials butthathehasoneheelhigherthantheother makinghimwalkunevenly Injusticeofthegovernment 2020 3 5 24 c ToBreakeggs Astrife Lilliput theneighboringcountry Shouldeggsbebrokenatthebigendorthelittleend Religiouscontroversies Catholics Anglicans 2020 3 5 25 B IslandofBrodingnag Gulliver Giants 2020 3 5 26 Alltheinhabitantsaresixty foottallandeverythingismuchtallerandbiggerthanthatinthehumanworld 2020 3 5 27 2020 3 5 28 Thekingisdescribedasawiseandkindking theinhabitantsaresaidtobeacivilizedrace thelawisusedtodefendthenative sfreedomandhappiness 2020 3 5 29 2020 3 5 30 2020 3 5 31 Icannotbutconcludethebulkofyournativestobethemostperniciousraceoflittleodiousverminthatnatureeversufferedtocrawluponthesurfaceoftheearth Thekingreproves soimpotentandgrovelinganinsectas Gulliverformaintainingsuch inhumanideas 2020 3 5 32 C FlyingIslandofLaputa Sorcerers FlyingIslandofLaputa 2020 3 5 33 Thekingandnoblemenareagroupofabsent mindedphilosophersandastronomerswhocarenothingbutmathematicsandmusicandwhospeakintheabstractandmathematicalterms 2020 3 5 34 AcademyofProjectorsToextractsun beamsoutofcucumbersTomelticeintogunpowderTobuildhouses bybeginningattheroof andworkingdownwardstothefoundations 2020 3 5 35 Thekingusescruelmethodstosuppressanyrebellionofthepeoplelivingonthecontinentbelow 2020 3 5 36 IslandofSorcerers magicians Ancientandmoderngreatmen AlexandertheGreat JuliusCaesar Homer Aristotle 2020 3 5 37 D CountryofHouyhnhnms neighingofahorse HorsesandYahoos 2020 3 5 38 2020 3 5 39 Thehorsesareintelligent extremelynobleandpossessedofallgoodandadmirablequalities 2020 3 5 40 Yahoosarehairy nakedandwildcreatures intheshapeofman Theyhavesuchvicesaslyingandstealing 2020 3 5 41 2 Themes 1 ItisasatireonthewholeEnglishsocietyoftheearly18thcentury touchinguponthepolitical religious philosophical scientific military legal aswellasliterary 2020 3 5 42 2 ItexposestheuglyappearancesoftheBritishrulingclasses showingtheirhypocrisyandgreed theirintriguesandcorruption theirruthlessoppressionandexploitationofthecommonpeople 2020 3 5 43 3 Itattackstheaggressivewarsandcolonialisminthe18thcenturybypointingouttheterribledestructionofhumanlivesduringwarsandtheinhumanhorrorsofcolonialoppression 2020 3 5 44 3 LiteraryFeatures A Inform thestoryisafantasyaswellasarealisticworkoffiction 2020 3 5 45 Fantasy Fantasyisappliedtoaworkthattakesplaceinanonexistentandunrealworld suchasfairyland Theworkmayconcernincredibleandunrealcharacters oremployscientificprinciplesnotyetdiscoveredtopresentsocialconditions Fantasymaybeemployedmerelyforamusement oritmaybethemeansusedbytheauthorforseriouscommentonreality 2020 3 5 46 B Thefourpartsprojectthewriter ssatireindifferentways a InPartI thevicesofthesocietyareindirectlysatirizedbycomparingthemwithsimilarridiculous