7a health and safety.doc

学习重点1 Homework Review 2 Injuries at work3 How safe is your workplace?4 Unit 7a-know your rights5 Vocabulary consolidation on unit 7a 6 Oral Practice - What is important when7 商务文章阅读赏析8 HomeworkI. Homework ReviewUnit 6b-Ex. 31. consume -consumption2. subsidy-subsidised 3. oblige-obligatory4. comply-compliance5. threaten-threat6. hazard-hazardous7. spend -spending报告Environmental performanceIntroduction This report sets out to compare our environmental performance over the last four years with the targets which we have set out for next year.Waste reduction There was an increase in non-hazardous waste three years ago, this was due to by-products resulting from the new processing system. Although the amount has fallen steadily since then it seems unlikely that next years target level will be achieved.In contrast, the introduction of the new waste processing system enabled us to reduce hazardous waste to target level three years ago. Energy efficiencyEnergy consumption has decreased steadily and it seems likely that target levels will be reached by next year.ConclusionIn conclusion, the measures taken have led to significant environmental improvements. It is expected that most targets will be achieved or exceeded by next year.II. Injuries at workhealth and safety noun uncountable an area of government and law concerned with peoples health and safety, especially at work 健康与安全health and safety regulations 健康与安全法规the Health and Safety at Work Acta set of laws made in the UK in 1974 in order to protect people at work and make sure that they do not have to work in dangerous conditions, without the proper clothing or safety equipment etcthe Health and Safety ExecutiveHSE a British government organization that gives advice to companies about health and safety, and makes rules to prevent workers from being injured or becoming ill at workOSHAthe Occupational Safety and Health Administration a US government organization that looks after the safety and health of people at workInjuries at workinjury nounplural injuriesuncountable and countable a wound or damage to part of your body caused by an accident or attack 受伤She was taken to hospital with serious head injuries. 她由于头部严重受伤被送到了医院。The driver of the truck sustained only minor injuries to his legs and arms. 这位卡车司机只是在他的腿和胳膊上受了点小伤。Beckham has missed several games through injury. 贝克汉姆由于伤病的困扰错过了好几场比赛。1. Think of three accidents that can happen in an office/school/classroom.2. What is a health and safety policy?In the UK, every employer is legally obliged to prepare a written policy on health and safety which it displays in the workplace outlining ways to deal with potential hazards.3. What training can be expected?In the UK, each workplace has nominated a safety officer who checks the health and safety provision of the workplace and provides a regular training to staff.4. What happens when an accident occurs?Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act a report must be made when illness or injury results in medical treatment, transfer to another job, restricted work or motion, or loss of consciousness. Reading ex. 1. 12% resulted from being struck by a moving object.15% resulted from a fall from a height35% resulted from handling, lifting or carrying an object7% resulted from the person striking a fixed object25% resulted from a slip or tripresult verb intransitive if something results from something else, it is caused by it 由引起result fromWe are still dealing with problems resulting from errors made in the past. 我们还在处理由以前错误而产生的问题。How would you cope with unemployment and the resulting loss of income? 你应该如何解决失业以及由此而产生的收入损失？result in something phrasal verb 导致to make something happen 同义词 causean accident that resulted in the death of two passengers 一次事故，导致两名乘客死亡absent adjective1 not at work, school, a meeting etc, because you are sick or decide not to go 缺席，旷课 反义词 presentabsent fromstudents who are regularly absent from school 经常旷课的学生2 if someone or something is absent, they are missing or not in the place where they are expected to be 不出现的absent parent/father 不出现的家长/父亲plans to force absent fathers to pay child maintenance 有关强制不出现的父亲们支付儿童抚养费的计划3 only before noun a look etc that shows you are not paying attention to or thinking about what is happening 不关注的，走神的The dull, absent look on her face implied boredom. 她脸上无动于衷、走神的表情显示出她无聊的现状。strike verbpast tense and past participle struckHITtransitive written to hit or fall against the surface of something 撞击到She fell heavily, striking her head against the side of the boat. 她摔得很重，把头重重地撞在了船的一侧。A snowball struck him on the back of the head. 一个雪球砸在了他的后脑勺上。Several cars were struck by falling trees. 许多车辆都被倾倒的树木砸伤。The last rays of the setting sun struck the garden windows. 夕阳洒下的最后一缕光线斜射在朝向花园的窗户上。HIT WITH HAND/WEAPON ETCtransitive formal to deliberately hit someone or something with your hand or a weapon （用手）抽，用武器击打She struck him hard across the face. 她在他脸上掴了一巴掌。strike something with somethingThe victim had been struck with some kind of wooden implement. 该受害者是被某种木质的器械击伤。Paul struck him a blow to the head. 保罗在他的头上重重地击了一拳。STOP WORKintransitive if a group of workers strike, they stop working as a protest against something relating to their work, for example how much they are paid, bad working conditions etc 罢工In many countries, the police are forbidden to strike. 许多国家都禁止警察罢工。strike forSOMETHING BAD HAPPENSintransitive and transitive if something bad strikes, it suddenly happens or suddenly begins to affect someone 袭击，突然发生The plague struck again for the third time that century. 这场瘟疫在这个世纪已经爆发了三次。slip verbpast tense and past participle slipped present participle slippingFALL OR SLIDEintransitive to slide a short distance accidentally, and fall or lose your balance slightly 摔倒Wright slipped but managed to keep hold of the ball. 怀特虽然滑倒了，但是却力图将球控制住。slip onHe slipped on the ice. 他在冰上滑倒了。GO SOMEWHEREintransitive always + adverb/preposition to go somewhere, without attracting other peoples attention 悄悄溜进来 同义词 slideBen slipped quietly out of the room. 本悄悄溜进了房间。One man managed to slip from the club as police arrived. 当警察赶到的时候，有一个人试图从俱乐部溜走。GET WORSEintransitive to become worse or lower than before 变得更糟，更低Standards have slipped in many parts of the industry. 该行业许多方面的水准都下滑了。His popularity slipped further after a series of scandals. 在一系列的丑闻传言之后，他受欢迎的程度进一步下降。TIMEintransitive, always + adverb/preposition if time slips away, past etc it passes quickly 时间流逝slip away/past/byThe hours slipped past almost unnoticed. 时间悄悄地流逝。trip verbpast tense and past participle tripped present participle trippingFALL also trip upintransitive to hit something with your foot by accident so that you fall or almost fall 绊倒同义词 stumbleHe tripped and fell. 他脚下一滑，摔倒了。Clary tripped over a cable and broke his foot. 克来瑞脚下绊到了一条电缆，把脚磕破了。Listening. Answer key.1. the light2. balance3. stitches4. painkillersoccurrence noun1 countable something that happens 发生的事情frequent/rare/common occurrence Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom. 在他教室几乎听不到笑声。Flooding in the area is a common occurrence. 这个地区的洪水经常发生。2 singular the fact of something happening 发生的事实occurrence ofThe frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the area means that the buildings must be specifically designed to withstand the force. 这个地区经常发生地震这一情况说明这些房子必须要经过特殊设计来抗震。bump noun countable1 an area of skin that is raised because you have hit it on something 红肿She has a bump on the back of her head. He had a few injuries, mostly bumps and bruises.2 a small raised area on a surface 表面突起The car hit a bump on the road. 这辆车撞在路上的突起处。3 the sound or sudden movement of something hitting a hard surface 撞击声We heard a bump in the next room. 我们听见隔壁屋里传出了重重的撞击声。fix verbREPAIRtransitive to repair something that is broken or not working properly 修理Hes outside fixing the brakes on the car. 他在屋外修理汽车的刹车。Ellis was able to quickly find and fix the problem. 埃里斯可以很快地发现并修好这个问题。sustain verb transitiveMAKE SOMETHING CONTINUEto make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time 继续，延续同义词 maintainShe found it difficult to sustain the childrens interest. 她发现很难让孩子们的兴趣长久。He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women. 他没有能力与女人保持更长久的亲密关系。the policies necessary to sustain economic growth 维持经济增长必须的政策SUFFERformal to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money 遭受Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries. 两名消防队员受伤严重。Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. 一些附近的建筑物受到了小损害。The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year. 这家公司今年遭受了严重的财务损失。FOOD/DRINKformal if food or drink sustains a person, animal, or plant, it makes them able to continue living 维持They gave me barely enough food to sustain me. 他们只给我一点点足以维生的食物吃。GIVE STRENGTHformal to make someone feel strong and hopeful 让某人感觉强壮和有希望The thought of seeing her again was all that sustained me. 再一次见到她的想法支撑着我。dress verbWOUND/CUT ETCtransitive to clean, treat, and cover a wound 清洗并包扎伤口wound noun countable1 an injury to your body that is made by a weapon such as a knife or a bullet 伤口A nurse cleaned and bandaged the wound. 一位护士清洗并包扎伤口。It took several months for his wounds to heal. 他的伤口还几个月才好。suffer/receive a wound Several of the victims suffered severe stab wounds. 一些受害者的刀伤痕严重。head/leg etc wound He was treated in hospital for head wounds. 他在医院治疗他头部的伤口。stab/knife/gunshot wound He died of gunshot wounds. 他死于枪伤。The doctor said it was only a flesh wound (=one that does not cut the skin very deeply). 医生说这只是一点皮肉伤。2 a feeling of emotional or mental pain that you get when someone says or does something unpleasant to you 情感上的伤痛It will take much longer for the mental wounds to heal. 情感上的伤痛要用更长的时间才能治愈。stitch nounSEWINGcountable a short piece of thread that has been sewn into a piece of cloth, or the action of the thread going into and out of the cloth 缝线FOR WOUNDcountable a piece of special thread which has been used to sew the edges of a wound together 缝针He had to have 10 stitches in his head. 他的头部要缝合10针。3 a stitch in time (saves nine)spoken used to say that it is better to deal with problems early than to wait until they get worse 及时一针顶九针。dizzy adjective feeling unable to stand steadily, for example because you are looking down from a high place or because you are ill 晕眩的The heat and the champagne made him feel dizzy. 这里的温度和香槟酒让他感到晕眩。She started to suffer from dizzy spells (=a short period when you feel dizzy).由于不时的晕眩他开始感到很难受。dizziness noun uncountable headaches, dizziness, and vomiting 痛疼，晕眩和呕吐dizzily adverbpainkiller noun countable a medicine which reduces or removes pain 止疼片an overdose of painkillers 过度服用止疼片Vocabulary in tapescriptnasty adjectivecomparative nastier superlative nastiest BEHAVIOURnasty behaviour or remarks are extremely unkind and unpleasant PERSONsomeone who is nasty behaves in an unkind and unpleasant wayEXPERIENCE/SITUATIONa nasty experience, feeling, or situation is unpleasantSIGHT/SMELL ETChaving a bad appearance, smell, taste etcINJURY/ILLNESSsevere or very painful 严重的，令人疼痛的a nasty cut 严重的伤口He was carried off the field with a nasty injury. 由于伤势严重他被扶下了战场。nastily adverbnastiness noun uncountablemaintenance noun uncountable 维持； 1 the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition维修；保养the cost of repairs and maintenance 维修及保养费maintenance ofThe caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings. 楼管员负责校舍的维护。The theatres were closed on Saturday and Sunday for routine maintenance. 剧院周六日关闭做日常的维护。Engineers are carrying out essential maintenance work on the main line to Cambridge. 工程师对去往剑桥的主要线路开展基本的维护工作。an evening class in car maintenance 汽车维护的夜校课程maintenance crew/man/staff (=someone who looks after buildings and equipment for a school or company) 维护人员2 the act of making a state or situation continue 继续maintenance ofThe purpose of the UN is the maintenance of international peace and security. 联合国的宗旨就是要维护世界和平与安全。The maintenance of a firm currency plays an important part in the battle against inflation. 公司的资金流通顺畅在应对通货膨胀中会起到重要作用。keep going on and off =flicker verb intransitive1 to burn or shine with an unsteady light that goes on and off quickly 闪烁The overhead lights flickered momentarily. 头顶的灯不时地在闪烁。2 always + adverb/preposition if an emotion or expression flickers on someones face or through their mind, it exists or is shown for only a short time （脸部）掠过表情flicker across/through/on etcA puzzled smile flickered across the womans face. 迷惑的微笑从这位妇女的脸上闪过。drive MAKE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING BE IN A BAD STATEtransitiveto make someone or something get into a bad or extreme state, usually an emotional onedrive somebody crazy/nuts/mad/insane (=make someone feel very annoyed) 让某人难受This cough is driving me mad! 这咳嗽让我很难受。drive somebody to distraction/desperation 让某人分神/绝望The mosquitoes drive me to distraction. 蚊子让我分神。drive somebody/something into somethingThe factory had been driven into bankruptcy. 工厂被迫宣告破产。bang verb 1 intransitive and transitive to hit something hard, making a loud noise猛撞bang onThey were banging on the door with their fists. 他们用拳头猛砸门。bang your fist/hand on somethingShe banged her fist on the table. 她用拳头在桌子上猛砸。The baby kept banging the table with his spoon. 这个婴儿用勺子不断地敲击着桌子。2 transitive to put something down or against something with a lot of force, making a loud noise 猛摔bang something down She banged the phone down hard. 她重重地摔了电话。3 intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive to close something violently, making a loud noise, or to be closed in this way 猛地关上同义词 slamI ran out, banging the door behind me. 我跑了出去，把门重重地关上。The window banged shut. 窗户被重重地关上。4 transitive hit a part of your body or something you are carrying against something, by accident 碰伤同义词 bumpbang something on somethingI fell and banged my head on the pavement. 我跌到只有头砸在了便道上。a filing cabinet 文件柜补充知识：办公用品stationery, paper clip, printer paper, stapler, Sellotape, headed paper, photocopier, flip chart, calculator, laser/inkjet printer, slide projector, overhead projector (OHP), screen, video cassette recorder (VCR), digital video camera, desktop/lap-top computer, cassette (tape) recorder (player), board marker, answering machine, swivel chair, socket, remote control, lecternmedication noun uncountable and countable medicine or drugs given to people who are ill 药物be on medication (for something) 服药pop verbpast tense and past participle popped present participle poppingCOME OUT/OFFintransitive always + adverb/preposition to come suddenly or unexpectedly out of or away from something 突然或意料之外地出现pop out/off/up etcThe top button popped off my shirt. 最高处的纽扣从我衬衫上掉了下来。The ball popped out of Smiths hands and onto the ground. 球从史密斯的手中脱落，掉在了地上。GO QUICKLYintransitive always + adverb/preposition especially British English spoken to go somewhere quickly, suddenly, or in a way that you did not expect 迅速地、突然地、意料之外地前去某地pop in/out/by etcWhy dont you pop by the next time youre in town? 下次进城来的时候为什么不过来坐坐呢？I need to pop into the drugstore for a second. 我需要去一下药店。pop roundBritish English Could you pop round to the shop for some bread? 你能去商店买些面包回来吗?III. How safe is your workplace?Reading Ex. 21. G 2 . F 3. D 4. A 5. EReading Ex.1 Step 1 BStep 2 AStep 3 EStep 4 DStep 5 Carise verbintransitivepast tense arose past participle arisen 1 if a problem or difficult situation arises, it begins to happen 发生A crisis has arisen in the Foreign Office. 外事办公室中发生了危机。More problems like those at the nuclear power plant are certain to arise.核电站今后还会发生更多类似的问题。2 if something arises from or out of a situation, event etc, it is caused or started by that situation etc 由. 引起Several important legal questions arose in the contract negotiations. 一些重要的法律问题出现在此次合同谈判中。arise from/out ofCan we begin by discussing matters arising from the last meeting? 我们能否从昨天会上产生的问题开始讨论呢？3 when/if the need arisesalso should the need ariseformal when or if it is necessary 当需要时Should the need arise for extra staff, we will contact you. 如果我们需要再雇用员工时，我们会与你取得联系。precaution noun countable usually pluralsomething you do in order to prevent something dangerous or unpleasant from happening 预防措施Fire precautions were neglected. 他们忽略了防火措施。as a precautionThe traffic barriers were put there as a safety precaution. 交通隔离栏作为安全措施被安放在那里。precaution againstSave your work often as a precaution against computer failure. 在电脑上工作要经常保存文件以防电脑出故障。wise/sensible precaution 明智的预防措施The trails are well marked, but carrying a map is a wise precaution. 虽然路线已经被明确地标出来了，但是带上张地图以防万一也是应该的。Vets took precautions to prevent the spread of the disease. 兽医大夫采取预防措施防止疾病的传播。take the precaution of doing something I took the precaution of insuring my camera. 我将相机投保以防意外发生。Step 1afresh adverbif you do something afresh, you do it again from the beginning 重新再做He moved to America to start afresh. 他搬到了美国，想东山再起。concentrate verb1 intransitive to think very carefully about something that you are doing 仔细思考Now please concentrate. 请集中精力。Adrian was finding it difficult to concentrate. 安德安觉得无法静下心来思考问题。concentrate onBe quiet - let me concentrate on my homework. 请安静，让我集中精力完成作业。2 intransitive and transitive to be present in large numbers