生物工程概论.doc

生物工程概论结业论文课程名称：生物工程概论题目： 生物工程在环境保护领域的研究发展姓名： 于永军学号： 080800226专业： 机械工程及自动化日期： 2009年12月15日内容：生物工程在环境保护领域的研究发展作者:于永军 单位：东华大学机械0802班摘要：生物工程技术措施对环境进行污染防治与控制；生物技术在环境工程中来进行环境污染的防治，使环境变化向有利于人类社会发展的方向转变。同时，应用生物技术还可以实现废弃物资源化，使人类更充分地利用自然资源，保持生态平衡。关键词：生物工程、基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程、微生物发酵工程、环境保护与预防、研究与发展。生物工程，一般认为是以生物学(特别是其中的微生物学、遗传学、生物化学和细胞学)的理论和技术为基础，结合化工、机械、电子计算机等现代工程技术，充分运用分子生物学的最新成就，自觉地操纵遗传物质，定向地改造生物或其功能，短期内创造出具有超远缘性状的新物种，再通过合适的生物反应器对这类“工程菌”或“工程细胞株”进行大规模的培养，以生产大量有用代谢产物或发挥它们独特生理功能一门新兴技术。许多领域都会用到这一技术包括环境的保护。众所周知我们现在这个社会由于过多的滥用以及破坏自然资源，使得环境条件变得越来越差，人们开始越来越重视这个问题，一些人开始寻找解决的方案。生物工程正是在这个环境下应用到环境保护领域的。生物工程在环境保护领域的研究发展要从四个方面基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程和微生物发酵工程，说起。基因工程是生物工程的一个重要分支，是在分子水平上对基因进行操作的复杂技术，是将外源基因通过体外重组后导入受体细胞内，使这个基因能在受体细胞内复制、转录、翻译表达的操作。它是用人为的方法将所需要的某一供体生物的遗传物质DNA大分子提取出来，在离体条件下用适当的工具酶进行切割后，把它与作为载体的DNA分子连接起来，然后与载体一起导入某一更易生长、繁殖的受体细胞中，以让外源物质在其中“安家落户”，进行正常的复制和表达，从而获得新物种的一种崭新技术。那么基因工程是怎样在环境保护领域得到应用的呢？其实这并不难回答，大家都知道在一些环境中之所以会受到污染很多时候是因为一些环境中的病毒、细菌的污染。那么在这种环境下我们要做就是要把这些病毒、细菌找出并除去，但是利用普通的技术是无法做到这些的因此要用到基因工程。基因工程做成的DNA探针能够十分灵敏地检测环境中的病毒、细菌等污染。这样就能解决了检测的问题，那如何出去这种污染呢？我们可以利用基因工程培育的指示生物能十分灵敏地反映环境污染的情况，却不易因环境污染而大量死亡，甚至还可以吸收和转化污染物。除此之外基因工程做成的“超级细菌”能吞食和分解多种污染环境的物质。（通常一种细菌只能分解石油中的一种烃类，用基因工程培育成功的“超级细菌”却能分解石油中的多种烃类化合物。有的还能吞食转化汞、镉等重金属，分解DDT等毒害物质。）这样就可以把基因工程与环境污染治理联系到了一起。这在生产生活中是非常重要的正是如此我们更应该加大这方面的研究与发展造福于人类，但同时我们应当注意基因工程带来的危害。细胞工程是指以细胞为对象，应用生命科学理论，借助工程学原理与技术，有目的地利用或改造生物遗传特性，以获得特定的细胞、组织产品或新型物种的一门综合性科学技术。看上去好像与环境没什么联系，但事实却并非如此。大家应该知道病毒的危害，会危害到林木业的发展，从而对环境造成危害。而在林木生产实践中应用细胞工程技术中的微繁殖和去病毒技术。由于病毒的影响，许多树木都患有病毒病，而且多是通过营养体繁殖代代相传的。用去病毒试管苗技术，可以有效地防止病毒病的侵害，恢复种性并加速繁殖速度。细胞工程的研究与发展一直没有停止过：近年来，对经济林木组织培养技术的研究也受到很大的重视。采用这一技术可比常规方法提前数年进行大面积种植。特别是有些林木的种子休眠期很长，常规育种十分费时。据不完全统计，现已研究成功的林木植物试管苗已达百余种，如松属、桉树属、杨属中的许多种，还有泡桐、槐树、银杏、茶、棕榈、咖啡、椰子树等。其中桉树、杨树和花旗松等大面积应用于生产，澳大利亚已实现桉树试管苗造林，用幼芽培养每年可繁殖40万株。微生物工程又叫发酵工程。对微生物进行生物工程改造，包括基因工程技术、转基因生物技术、合成生物学技术等，以及工业化应用微生物发酵生产的工程等。微生物工程，是大规模发酵生产工艺的总称，就是利用微生物发酵作用，通过现代工程技术手段来生产有用物质，或者把微生物直接应用于生物反应器的技术。它是在发酵工艺基础上吸收基因工程、细胞工程和酶工程以及其他技术的成果而形成的。微生物工程对环境的保护是从微观方面来讲的利用微生物的发酵作用可以很容易的把生产生活中的废物以及生活垃圾分解掉，并且转化成有用的原料供给绿色植物用于生长所必需的必要元素，和生物作用的一些原料。这对环境中物质的循环利用是非常重要的推动者与参与者。最后是酶工程，酶工程就是将酶或者微生物细胞，动植物细胞，细胞器等在一定的生物反应装置中，利用酶所具有的生物催化功能,借助工程手段将相应的原料转化成有用物质并应用于社会生活的一门科学技术。这对环境的保护是通过别的方式进行的，酶的主要作用是生物催化，因此它能通过催化别的参与者产生作用。这些就是生物工程在环境保护领域的一些应用与发展。当然生物工程的应用领域非常广泛，还包括农业、工业、医学、药物学、能源、冶金、化工原料等。它在环境上的应用为世界面临的资源、环境和人类健康等问题的解决提供美好的前景。参考文献：生物工程概论出版发行项: 武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2006利容千 主编生物工程分析出版发行项: 北京:化学工业出版社,2006董文宾 主编基因工程出版发行项: 北京:科学出版社,2004 李立家, 肖庚富编著 应用生物化学出版发行项: 北京:化学工业出版社,2001欧伶, 俞建瑛, 金新根主编 Abstract：Bio-engineering measures on the environment pollution prevention and control; bio-technology in environmental engineering to carry out pollution prevention and control, so that changes in the environment to the benefit of shifting the direction of development of human society. Meanwhile, the application of biotechnology resources out of waste can be achieved, so that human beings make better use of natural resources and maintaining ecological balance.Keywords：Biological engineering, genetic engineering、cell engineering、enzyme engineering、microbial fermentation engineering、 environmental protection and prevention、 research and development.Bio-engineering, is generally believed that based on biology (especially microbiology, genetics, biochemistry and cytology) in the theory and technology-based, combined with chemical, mechanical, computer and other modern engineering technology, full use of molecular biology the latest achievements and consciously manipulate the genetic material, directed to modified organism, or its function in the short term to create a super-distant characters of new species, and through a suitable bioreactor right kind of engineering strain or engineered cell lines large-scale cultivation, to produce a wealth of useful metabolites or to play their unique physiological functions of an emerging technologies. Of this technology will be used in many fields, including environmental protection.As we all know we are a community due to excessive abuse and the destruction of natural resources, making the environmental conditions from deteriorating, there is an increasing attention to this problem, some people began to find solutions. Bio-engineering is in this context applied to the field of environmental protection. Bio-engineering research and development in the field of environmental protection from the four areas - genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering, the very mention.Genetic engineering is an important branch of biological engineering, is at the molecular level to operate the complex of gene technology, is the exogenous gene in vitro reconstituted into receptor cells, so that the gene receptor cells in replication, transcription translation to express operations. It is the personnel required for the method to a particular donor organisms genetic material - DNA molecules extracted under the conditions of in vitro enzyme with the appropriate tools to cut after it with a DNA molecule as a carrier to connect , and then, together with the carrier into a more growth and reproduction of the receptor cells in order to allow foreign substances in which settle for normal replication and expression, to gain a new species, new technologies. So how genetic engineering is the field of environmental protection be applied for? In fact, this is not difficult to answer, we all know the reason why in some settings are often subject to contamination in the environment because some viruses, bacteria contamination. So in this environment we have to do is to take these viruses and bacteria to identify and remove, but the use of common technology is therefore not possible to use these to genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, DNA probes can be made of very sensitive detection of viruses in the environment, bacteria and other contamination. This would solve the issue of testing, how to go out this kind of pollution do? We can use genetic engineering to cultivate bio-energy is very sensitive instruction reflect the situation of environmental pollution, but it is not easy due to environmental pollution, and massive deaths, and even can absorb and transform pollutants. In addition to genetic engineering made of super bacteria can be swallowed and decomposition of multi-polluting substances. (Usually a type of bacteria can break down the oil in a hydrocarbon, with the successful cultivation of genetically engineered super bacteria was able to break down the oil in a variety of hydrocarbon compounds. Some also eat into mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals, Decomposition of DDT and other toxic substances.) so that you can put in genetic engineering and pollution control linked to together. This is in production and life is very important is the case we should step up research and development in this area for the benefit of mankind, but we should pay attention to the harm of genetic engineering.Cell engineering refers to the target cells, the application of scientific theory of life, using engineering principles and technology, and targeted use of modified organisms or genetic characteristics in order to obtain a specific cell, tissue products or new species, a comprehensive science and technology. Looked as if no contact with the environment, but the fact is not so. We should be aware of the harm the virus would jeopardize the development of forestry, thereby damaging the environment. Wood production in the practical application of cell engineering technology in micro-propagation and de-virus technology. As the impact of the virus, many of the trees are suffering from viral diseases, and mostly by vegetative propagation from generation to generation of. Take up the virus in vitro seedling technology, can effectively prevent the virus against the disease, restore and accelerate the breeding rate of caste. Cell Engineering Research and Development has not stopped: In recent years, economic forest tissue culture studies have also been considerable attention. Using this technique a few years earlier than conventional methods for large-scale cultivation. Some of the seeds of trees, especially a very long dormant period, conventional breeding is time consuming. According to incomplete statistics, the forest has been developed successfully reached hundreds of kinds of plant shoots, such as Pinus, Eucalyptus, Populus many of the species, there are paulownia, locust tree, gingko, tea, palm, coffee, coconut trees. Including eucalyptus, poplar and Douglas fir and other large area used in production, Australia has achieved in vitro seedlings of Eucalyptus afforestation, with bud culture propagation 400,000 per year.Microbial engineering is also called fermentation engineering. Of bio-engineered microorganisms, including genetic engineering, transgenic biotechnology, synthetic biology techniques, as well as industrial application of microbial fermentation production of works. Microbial engineering, is the general term for a large-scale fermentation production process, is the use of microbial fermentation, by means of modern engineering techniques to produce useful materials, or be directly applied to the micro-bio-reactor technology. It is based on the absorption of fermentation process of genetic engineering, cell engineering and enzyme engineering and other technical results formed. Microbial project on the protection of the environment from the micro level in terms of the use of microbial fermentation can be very easy to waste production and life and living in garbage decomposed and transformed into useful supply of raw materials necessary for the growth of green plants need for elements, and biological role of some of the raw material. This recycling of substances in the environment is very important to promoters and participants. Finally, enzyme engineering, enzyme engineering is to enzymes or microbial cells, animal and plant cells, organelles and other biological responses in certain devices, the use of enzymes possess biological catalytic function, using engineering methods to the corresponding raw m