考研英语作文讲义-议论文.doc

同等学力研究生英语考试作文讲义同等学力研究生作文讲义议论文是通过摆事实、讲道理的方法来阐述自己观点或表明自己立场的文体，是常用的四种文体之一。由于我们认为议论文和说明文有相似之处，即都是解释某个事实或某个思想，因此我们将议论文改称为论说文。论说文的目的是以理服人，用一无可置辩的论据和论证使别人相信某种观点、主张是正确或是错误的，从而引导人们去采取赞成或反对的立场。论说文分成观点论证型、现象解释型、问题解决型三种类型。点论证型的题材往往为普遍关注的社会热点问题和永久性话题，近年的考研作文题型主要是图表图画提纲式的论说文，以考查考生分析问题、解决问题以及灵活运用语言，清晰表达思想的能力。其中，图画观点论证型的作文更是体现了今后出题的趋势。写作策略首先要看懂图画，抓住图画突出表现的寓意或体现的观点，并用简明清晰的语言表述出来，然后再辅以合适的例证加以论证说明，最后得出自然而又有针对性的结论。具体说来，要注意以下几点。 1 语言要求图画观点论证型的作文往往用一幅漫画来表达蕴含的寓意，因此从语言角度来讲，要精选能够表达强烈的感情色彩的精确的词语。但同时又要学会用简单的词表达复杂的思想。注意句式多样化，但是对于那些拿不稳、没有把握的句子，尽量采取“回避政策”。用生动灵巧的句子结构，不要一律用主从复合句。注重修辞手法的运用，可以改写谚语、成语来说明自己的观点。注意语言的前后一致及连贯，包括风格、语气、感情色彩等。2 内容要求图画观点论证型的作文既要求考生准确把握图画的寓意，又要求考生用合适的例证来进一步论证观点。一幅图画包含的信息很多，但作文的议题只有一个，所以考生首先要结合题目仔细观察图画，捕捉到图画所传达的主要信息，并用简明的语言点明。选取例证论证观点时注意选择有代表性的典型例证并对例证加以自己的分析。要特别注意的是，一个图画的寓意趋向由两个部分构成：a) 题目中的文字要求，如题目中已经设定写作大纲或已经介绍了图画的相关背景；b) 图画中的内容提示。关于图画的解读要建立在识别矛盾的基础上，多数情况下图画中的文字内容往往与图画的内容间存在着矛盾性，而这恰恰是论述的基础和出发点。3 结构要求在结构方面，开头部分：图画作文的首段必须描写图画并点明寓意，但语言务求精练，主题句尤其要简洁，让阅卷人能够迅速地识别。主体段落：在这一部分应该根据图画的寓意选取适当的例证来论证自己的观点。注意不要仅仅罗列现象，要对例证加以适当的分析，来体现自己的思想。注意段落及句子间的衔接。结尾部分：结尾段仍要注意与上文的衔接及前后照应。切忌以“ I 唱主角，给人以考生的主观片面的看法的感觉，可以用 we 或其他词作主语达到一种亲和力和客观性。写作步骤写这类图画观点论证型的作文一般可以按照下列步骤进行： 1 观察图画，把握寓意，提炼观点结合题目仔细观察图画是为了准确把握图画蕴含的寓意并得出自己的观点，避免理解偏差，出现文不对题的现象。 2 选取例证，分析论证在领会了图画的寓意之后，考生就要选取合适的例证来证明自己的观点并加以分析阐述。 3 组织材料，修改成文做好了上述准备工作之后，考生就可以按照提纲或腹稿精心组织材料，动笔写作了。4. 检查修改。首先应该检查写的内容是否有遗漏，是否准确传达了图画的信息；其次是检查段落结构，条理是否清楚，主题是否突出；最后通读全篇，修改语法、拼写和标点符号等错误。常用句型结合这类作文的特点、难点和考生的弱点，我们在这里提供了大量好用、易学的常用句型和结构，供考生参考。希望对考生在短时间内迅速提高写作能力有很大的帮助。鉴于目前研究生人学考试写作部分一般都是图表图画论说文这一情况，我们将在这里提供大量的描述图表或图画的句型和观点论证型的句型。表示“说明”的常用句式在说明图表的时候，要使用下列表示“说明”的常用句式，它们可以帮助读者弄清楚所引信息的出处，有效地将你要说的话带出来。 常用句型：表示“说明”的常用句式1. As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram/ picture, 从图表图画中可以看出 2. The chart/ graph/ table/ diagram/ picture shows/ displays that 如图所示 3. As (can be) shown in / According to the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram/ picture, 如图所示 4. The figures/statistics in the chart reflect/show/reveal (that). 图表中的数据表明 5. The chart/graph/ table/diagram illustrates/describes. 图表描述了 6. It is clear/apparent from the chart/graph! Table/diagram/picture that. 从图表图画我们可以清楚地看到 表示“数据”的常用句式 1. . had the largest percentage/proportion of. 在 方面具有很大的百分比。 2. . account(s) for/take(s) up 10%. 占有 10 。 3. Compared with A, B has a higher percentage. 与 A 相比， B 有更高的比例。 4. On the top of the list is., which accounts for 60%. 有比重最高的是 ，占有 60 。 5. At the bottom is., which takes up 20%. 占有最低比重的是 ，占有 20 。 6 .A is second to B A 仅次于 B 。 7. A is ranked /rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25% A占有最高比重，紧随其后的是占有 30 的 B 和占有 25 的 C 。表示“数据变化”的常用句式a. 表示增加、减少、波动的结构1 . The number of (A) increased / rose suddenly/ npid1y/ dramatically/ substantially/ considerably/ sharply! steeply from. . . to. 从到期间，A的数量有了急遽地增长2 . The number of (A) climbed/ jumped! rose suddenly / went sharply up / soared to in 在期间A的数量从急遽增加到了3 . There was a(n) evident apparent/ obvious increase in . . . from. . . to.从到期间，在方面有了明显得增长4. The number of (A) decreased! fell/ dropped suddenly/ rapidly/ dramatically/ substantially/ sharply/ steeply from. . to. 从到期间，A的数量有了持续稳定的下降5. There was a sudden/ rapid/ dramatic/ substantial/ sharp/ steep decrease! Drop/ reduction/ decline in the number of (A) from. . . to. 从到期间，A的数量有了急遽地下降6. There was a(n) evident! Apparent obvious reduction/ decline in . from. . to. 从到期间，在方面有了明显得下降7. The number of (A) increased/ rose by . . . % from. . . to. 在到期间A的数量增加了.%8. The number of (A) fell/ dropped/ declined by . . . % from. to.9. There was a slight fluctuation in the number of (A) from. . . to.b. 表示变化不大或者没有变化的常用结构1 . The number of (private cars) remained steady! stable/ constant between. . . and. 从 到 期间，（私家车）的数量保持稳定。2 . The number of (private cais) stayed the same between. . . and. 从 到 期间，（私家车）的数量并没有发生变化。4. The number of (private cais) remained level between. . . and. 从 到 期间，（私家车）的数量稳定在 （辆）左右。5. The number of (private cars) appeared to level off. （私家车）的数量开始稳定下来了。C. 表示最高点或最低点的常用结构1. The situation/ figures reached a peak/ a high at. . . % in. 情况（数据）在 （时间）达到顶点，为 （数目）。2. The situation/ figures bottomed out at. . % in. 情况（数据）在 （时间）达到最低点，为 （数目）。3. The number soared to a record high of. 数量剧增至历史新高。d 表示倍数的常用结构1. A is twice/ three times/ four times what it was in.2. A is twice/ three times/ four times the amount in.3. A is twice/ three times/ four times as much/many as. . . in.4. A is twice/ three times/ four times more than. . . in.5. From. . . to., A increased/ dropped more than sixfold. (六倍)6. The output of steel in 1990 was 400% up compared with in 1980.（四倍）7. The figure was roughly doubled/ tripled/ quintupled between. . . and.两倍、四倍揭示图画寓意的常用句式 1 .The information/message/implication/suggestion of the picture could be .该图有可能表明2. The picture could be interpreted/ translated into 该图可阐释为3. Symbolically, this picture reveals/ shows/ demonstrates/ displays 该图的象征性意义为4. As is symbolically revealed. 正如图中所显示的那样出格言、谚语的常用句式 1. Here is an old saying . Its the experience of our forefathers. However, it is correct in many cases even today. 有一句谚语 这句话是我们祖先的宝贵经验。然而在今天仍旧是适用的。 2. One of our ancient philosophers said. Chinese people have always been holding their idea to be one of their stands of morality. 有位古代的哲人说过 中国人一直将它视为道德标准之一。 3. One of the great early writers said that.古代一位作家说过 举例说明的常用句式 1 ., say/ for example/ for instance! for one, in 例如 2. Take . . . for example. 以 为例 3. A(good) case in point is一个典型的例子就是 4 Perhaps the most important/ telling/ dramatic/ striking example of. is 也许关于 最重要有说服力有趣典型的例子是 5. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of. 我无法找到比这个例子更好的方式来证明这个观点。 6 . is often cited! quoted as a familiar example of.作为一个熟悉的例子经常被引用来证明 7. History/ This nation! Our society is filled with examples of 历史上这个国家我们的社会中随处可见这样的例子。 8 Suppose that. 假如 9 Legend! Rumor has it that.据说， 事实证明的常用句式 1. No one can deny / doubt / ignore / overlook the fact that . . 没人能否认，怀疑忽略忽视这样一个事实 2. The ideal view/ criticism is barely/ fully supported by facts. .这种想法观点批评在事实面前是站不住脚的。3. Theres considerable evidence that . . . / in favor of. 有很多迹象表明能够证明 4. The latest surveys / studies / polls conducted by. indicate / reveal / show / prove that 由 组织的最新调查研究民意调查表明5. Nothing could be more obvious than the evidence that. 最明显的证据就是 6. One may not forget the old days when. 我们也许不会忘记过去的日子，那时 7. All reliable data/ evidence/ facts pile(s) up to show/ justify(justifies)/ point(s) to the view that. . 所有现有的证据都表明 8. Indications are that/ evidence is that. 有证据表明 。9. As indicated/ shown in the statistics, 证据表明， 10. This has turned out the case. 事实证明了这一点。结论性结尾的常用句式 1. From what have been discussed above, we may come to/reach/draw the conclusion that. . 根据以上讨论的内容，我们可以得出结论 2. Taking into account all the factors, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that任比 考虑到所有的因素，我们完全可以得出一个结论，就是 3. In summary/In conclusion/In a word/In brief/In short/To sum up /On the whole, it is important that . 总而言之综上所述， 显得非常重要。4. In summary, I would like to say that . is an issue that deserves immediate attention. .总而言之，我想说 是一个值得立刻引起注意的问题。5. Personally/ As far as I am concerned/ For my part/ As for me, I am in favor of the former/ the latter. 就个人而言，我同意前者（后者）的观点。提出最佳方案的常用句式 1. The best way out is 最好的办法是 2. The best approach/solution to . is解决 问题的最佳方案是 样题及结构设置实例：Directions: There has been a discussion recently on the issue of communication in a newspaper. Write an essay of about 200 words to the newspaper to1. show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below1) the content of the picture2) the symbolic meaning3) the special understanding2. give a specific example/comment, and3. give your suggestion as to the best way to communicate.(此处插图：交流就像一座桥，可以变沟壑为通途)It is generally accepted today that communication (1)_ （1）介绍普遍观点_.As is symbolically depicted in this picture, it is _(2) (2) 揭示寓意_. Since the world is becoming moreAnd more diversified, communication plays an increasingly important Role and is perhaps the only effective approach to disputes.The significance of communication is (3) _ (3) 举例说明交流动价值_Communication is really powerful. But the power lies in (4) _ (4)指出交流的关键_The best way to communicate is (5) _ (5) 提出交流的方案_.范文It is generally accepted today that communication, rather than fight, is the optimal way to settle conflicts and bring harmony to the world. As is symbolically depicted in this picture, it is like a bridge that bridges various gaps to be a road. Since the world is becoming more and more diversified, communication plays an increasingly important role and is perhaps the only effective approach to disputes.The significance of communication is verified not only by nations at war, business opponents but also by people bearing different thoughts, behaviors and customs. One of the most frequently heard complaints today is that there are so many differences between the old and the young generations that they always fail to understand each other and many disputes arise accordingly. Always rebellious, young people are seemingly turning to be rather odd while their parents are quite embarrassed, or even unbearable to see all these offbeat behaviors. Children may deem parents to be conserved while parents may come to the conclusion that the young are getting wild. Actually, if they can communicate effectively, parents will understand that young people are not mad but merely seeking for an identity in this colorful world and young people will reconsider their behavior and accept reasonable suggestions from their parents.Communication is really powerful. But the power lies in understanding others and acknowledging their differences. The best way to communicate is to learn to be a little more tolerant and treat difference as variety instead of discord and rebellion. Remember: where there is communication, there is a way.现象解释型作文写作策略既然是图画（或图表）现象解释型的作文，首先要看懂图画，抓住图画突出表现的寓意或体现的观点，并用简明清晰的语言表述出来，然后再辅以合适的例证加以解释说明，最后得出自然而又有针对性的结论。具体说来，要注意以下几点。 1 语言要求从语言角度来看，图画（或图表）现象解释型作文必须做到用词正确、句型多变、语法精确，这就是要求一篇文章不能重复使用同一个词、同一个句型，考生应该特别注意这一点要求。2 内容要求 a 趋势描写抓住关键数据，描写清晰简明。 b 数据导入应该说明某事物在增长，并导人数据来证明事物的增长。 c 分析原因一般按照原因影响的轻重阐述。 3 结构要求图画（或图表）现象解释型作文必须做到结构清晰、层次分明。一篇成功的作文篇章结构上一定会注意衔接手段的使用。开头：首段必须描写图表，这里应该包括趋势描写和数据引用。主体：阐述你认为引起此现象的原因。结尾：总结全文，加深读者的印象；也可以是发出号召，唤起读者的共鸣。常用句型点明文章主题的常用句式 1. . has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person. 已经成为人们谈论的热门话题，不同的人对此有不同的看法。 2. There is an argument / much disagreement / no consensus of opinions among people concerning / over / as to / on. 关于 ，人们的看法不尽相同。 3. Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to whether. 如今关于 的问题，人们的观点很不相同。 4. Different people have different views/ perspectives on. 不同的人对 有不同的见解。 5. When being asked about . different people will offer different answers. 当被问及 时，不同的人会给出不同的答案。6. There is a public debate / discussion / controversy today about the problem of. 如今关于 的问题，公众已经展开了辩论讨论。7. The issue of whether or not . . . has been widely argued/ debated currently. 关于是否 的问题，如今公众已经展开了广泛的讨论。具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式1. Some people suggest / maintain / hold the opinion that. But / However / While / Nevertheless / Yet / other people hold a different point of view. 有些人认为 ，但是另外一些人却持有不同的观点2. Some people are inclined to think that. . . On the contrary / In contrast, there are still many people who wont agree, and they claim. 一些人往往认为 ，但是仍然有些人对此表示异议，他们认为 3. When it comes to. Some people think / believe that. While others argue / claim that theopposite I reverse is true. 当谈及 的时候，有些人认为 ，但是其他人却站在相反意见的一边。4. Those who criticize / oppose to / object to . . . argue that. . . But people who advocate / favor. . . , on the other hand, maintain / assert that. 那些批评反对 的人认为 ，但是赞成 的人认为 5. Now it is commonly/ generally/ widely/ universally thought/ accepted/ believed/ held that But I wonder / doubt whether. 现在大家普遍认为 ，我却对此持怀疑态度。 6. To the general public / popular mind, . But despite /in spite of/. I still believe. 现在大家普遍认为 ，我仍然认为 7. Nowadays, an overwhelming majority of people think that. Nevertheless, there are still some people of the opinion that虽然如今绝大多数人认为 ，但是还是有些人认为 陈述自己观点的常用句式 1. For my part / As to me / As far as I am concerned, I d like to agree to the former / my favor goes to the first view. 就我而言，我赞同前一种观点。2. I agree to the latter opinion to some extent. 我比较同意后一种观点3. Im in favor of . . . / Im on the side of. 我赞成 4. In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we . we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right decision. 我认为双方都有一定的道理；当我们 ，我们应该全面地考虑该问题，然后作出正确的决定。5. There is probably some truth in both arguments / statements, but. 两种观点都有一些道理，但是 分析原因的常用句式 1. Here are many / several / a number of / a variety of reasons for it. First. Second. Finally. 这件事的起因很多，第一 第二 第三 2. The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing. For another . . . 原因有以下几点，一方面一个原因是 另一方面另一个原因是 3. What has possibly contributed to this problem? In the first place. In the second place. 是什么导致了这个问题呢？首先 其次 4. Perhaps the main / primary / most important reason is 可能最主要根本重要的原因是 5. . is also / partly / solely / chiefly responsible for the problem. 也是问题产生的部分主要原因样题及结构设置实例A: Study the following graph carefully and write an essay of about 200 words.B: Your essay must be written on the ANSWER SHEET.C: Your essay should cover these three points:1. explain the chart2. reasons for this phenomenon3. and conclusionAccording to the figures shown in the table, we can see great changes in the way people spend their holidays between 1980 and 2000. Over the period from 1980 to 2000 , fewer and fewer people stay at home or play cards with the figure dropping sharply from 50 % and 30 % in 1980 to 28% and 11% in 2000 respectively. It is clear from the table that people want to get entertainment in the outside world and enjoy themselves.What are the reasons for these changes? To begin with, with the amelioration of people s living conditions, people are able to afford traveling expenses, which used to be luxurious for them in early years. Secondly, in this more and more competitive society, people tend to suffer from great stress. They want to find an effective way to relieve their stress and get relaxation. Of course, traveling can achieve this goal. lsst but not least, traveling is beneficial to their health and peace of mind.It can be concluded that people have now begun to find it more appealing to go outside than to stay at home and play cards during their holidays.题解决型作文写作策略这种类型的作文要求学生首先看懂图表展示的数据或图表所涵盖的意义，然后进行准确客观的分析、描述和概括，从而找出存在的问题，也就是画图者的真正意图，然后给出自己的解决方案，最后得出结论。此类作文应注意以下几点： 1 语言要求必须做到用词准确，句型多变，语法精确。在描写图表时，语言力求客观，不带主观感情色彩。写作时要特别注意句型的多样化，避免重复。2 内容要求这类文章首先要分析图表或图画，而图表一般都包括许多信息，所以考生应注意不要遗漏掉任何信息。而在给出自己的解决方法时要注意所给建议的可行性，还要注意每个建议的区分度，避免观点重合。 a 趋势描写和数据导入这类作文的图表中常常会反映出一些变化趋势，所以趋势描写成为这类作文中不可缺少的一部分。图表的目的是通过数据揭示一定的现象和问题，而在导人数据进行分析时注意不要一一列举，应该抓住关键数据做文章。在观察图表时，一定要弄清各种符号、数字、曲线或柱状图具体表示的内容，防止出错，从而影响整篇文章。 b 解决问题这类文章的重点是给出自己解决问题的建议或方法。考生应在认真分析问题的基础上给出解决方案。要注意所给建议和方法的可行性，论据要充分。同时注意每个方法的区分度。 3 结构要求这类作文在结构上要求清晰，层次分明。考生还要注意语篇上的衔接和连贯。开头部分：首先描写图表，应包括趋势描写和数据支持。主体段落：分析问题给出自己的解决方法或建议，理由阐述要充分。结尾：总结全文，并注意与开头相互照应，注意文章的完整性，使读者有统一完整的概念。写作步骤一般来说这类作文的写作一般分为六个步骤： a 观察图表观察图表是为了准确地理解图表所传递的信息。观察图表首先要看清楚图表的文字说明，以确定主题，然后仔细研究图表以发现数据的主要特征和变化趋势。 b 组织材料构思选材时应注意图表描写时不一定要把其中的数据一一陈述出来，关键是要把数据所呈现的总的变化趋势和主要特征描写清楚。因此，动笔之前要明确哪些数据体现了总的变化规律或主要特点需要着重描写，哪些数据不能说明主题或无关紧要而可以忽略。 c 描写图表图表写作要尽量做到主题明确，资料恰当，条理清楚，文字简练，描述客观。 d 揭示问题通过图表观察，数据分析揭示出存在的问题，也就是画图者的真正意图。 e 解决问题针对图表揭示的问题，给出自己的解决方法或建议。 f 修改成文常用句型引出话题的句型引出解决方案的句型样题及结构设置This chart represents the changes in the number of lay-offs in this city. According to the figures shown in the chart, this city is faced with the problem of lay-offs as well as the whole country. The number of laid-off workers remained steady from 5000 in 1980 to 6500 in 1995. But from 1995 to 2000, the figure experienced a sharp increase from 6500 to 12000.With the development of economy, there is nothing to make a fuss about this problem. With the ongoing state enterprise reform, efficiency has become vive. Thus, the phenomenon of laid- off workers. j a sign of progress in the management of the state enterprises.What can be done to deal with this problem? Firstly, the Re-employment Project is well under way. The government should draw up an effective economic policy that will provide more job opportunities for the lay-offs. Secondly, the laid-off workers should improve themselves with newer knowledge and skills so that they could adjust themselves to the new situation as soon as possible.With the efforts taken by both the country and the lay-offs themselves, this problem will be solved successfully in the future. 议论文常用素材汇编On Persever