How_to_write_an_argumentation如何写英语议论文.ppt

Onwritingofargumentation HowtowriteatopicsentenceHowtowriteintroductionHowtodevelopparagraphsHowtowriteconclusionHowtopolishthelanguage TopicSentence 主题句的基本要求主题句必须由一个完整的句子构成 必须中肯扼要 必须把题目限定在该段落中恰如其分的范围内 即不是笼统的概括又不能过于具体 用词应当严谨精练 意思清楚 2 主题句的位置3 写主题句应注意的问题 主题句应该意义清楚一个段落只有一个主题句 不要范围太广 决不能将两个甚至更多的主题塞进一个段落中 e g Learningaforeignlanguageisdifficult LearningEnglish French isdifficult LearningEnglishbyoneselfisdifficult 2 要确定段落扩展的关键词主题句中的关键词用于限定段落主题的扩展范围和方向 可以是一个或几个单词 也可以称为致力点 controllingidea 它支配了主题句的思想 是必不可少的元素 e g Electricityisinourlives Electricityiseverywhereinourlives 另外 正文部分各段落的主题句要与全文的主题密切关联 为之服务 各段主题句要处于同一平面上 互相不能重叠 3 避免用客观事实充当主题句主题句是用来阐述作者的观点和思想的 因此带有一定的主观色彩 而客观事实的句子无法制约主题发展的方向和范围 也不含由作者的主观思想 所以不能充当主题句 e g Radarisadevice Springisaseason Brainstorming例 LeonardoDiCaprioisaverycharmingactor Firstly heisveryhandsome Secondly heperformedimpressivelyinthefilmTitanic Thirdly heiseasygoingandpeople oriented TheInternet AdvantagesItisthemostconvenientandeffectivewayofcommunication TheInternetshortensthedistancebetweenpeoplearoundtheworld Itallowsaccesstoavastrangeofknowledgeandinformation DisadvantagesAddictiontotheInternet especiallyonlinegameswillexertadverseinfluenceoverpeople slife workandstudy Itisharmfultoourhealthtospendtoomuchtimesurfingonline Pornographicwebsiteswillleadteenagersastray LiveonCampusoroffCampus Toliveoncampus moreopportunitiestoexposeoneselftopeopleandideas teachers lectures seminars easyaccesstoschoolresources library labandotherfacilities lessmoneyintermsofaccommodation moreoccasionstodeveloptheabilitytogetalongwithothers comparativelysafe easyfortheschooltotakecareofstudents studyandlife Toliveoffcampus morefreedomandprivacy quieterenvironmentforstudy touchingwithsociety goodchancetobeindependent ToliveonCampus Toliveoncampusmayallowstudentsaneasyaccesstoschoolresourcesinvariousforms Iftheyliveinadormitory studentswillhavemoreoccasionstodeveloptheabilitytogetalongwithothers Theschoolauthoritiesalsofavortheideaoflivingoncampus asinthatcasetheymayexertlesseffortsintakingcareofstudents studyandlife Toliveoffcampus Toliveinarentedhouse studentscanenjoyaquieterenvironmentforstudy Itisagoodchanceforthestudentslivingoffcampustobeindependent Torentahouseoffcampusalsoforcesstudentstotouchwithsociety Developmentofparagraphs 罗列法 listing 例证法 exemplification 因果法 causeandeffect 比较法和对比法 comparisonandcontrast 定义法 definition 分类法 classification 1 罗列法 listing 罗列法可以用于整篇 也可以用于个别段落 注意点 a 所罗列的要点须属同层次内容 而且意义不能互相涵盖 例 Campinginwildernessisfunb 要点之间的排列往往是从重要到次要 从一般到个别 从显而易见到鲜为人知 2 例证法 exemplification 常用于议论文和说明文的一种展开方式1 可以在不同论述层次上引用例子a 为说明文章中某一要点或某一句话而引用b 直接举例说明短文中心句或段落主题句不同用途的例子在文中的重要程度及扩展的详略程度也各有所异 2 如果同时列举数例 应当注意适当的排序 一般到个别 显而易见的到鲜为人知的 最重要的到最次要的 3 使用例证法一般需要特定的过渡语标记 transitionalwords 当然也有个别情况无标记举例Forexample forinstancetake asproof example instance such as specifically occasionallyAnotherexampleIrememberis Themoststrikinginstanceofthisoccurredwhen Ifanyfurtherexampleswereneeded Icouldmention canserveasanexampletoillustrate thepoint asanillustrationAcaseinpointis 3 因果法 causeandeffect 因果法主要是用来探索事物间因果关系的一种段落发展方式 作者通过客观 正确的推理 分析事物发生的原因及产生的结果来阐述主题句 展开段落 使段落合乎逻辑 使主题句的支配思想令人信服 采用因果法写作 一般通过三种途径 1 阐述某些事件 行为或想法的由来 2 阐述某些事件或行为所产生的结果 3 将原因和结果同时结合在一起来加以讨论 例1 WhyshouldtheclimatebewarmerintheSouthernHemisphere OnereasonmaybethatmostoftheEarth slandmassisintheNorthernHemisphere whileouroceansaremostlyinthesouthernhalfoftheworld Waterdoesnotabsorbsunlightinthesamewaylanddoes Also industrialpollutionismuchheavierintheNorthernHemisphere whereitmaybeactingasasunlightblocker Reasons locationoflandandwater 2 industrialpollution多因的排列顺序 直接 间接表面 根本 先果后因 例2 Violenceontelevisionmaybeingreatpartresponsiblefortheviolenceinoursociety Wehaveseenendlessprogramsofmugging knifing robberynotonlyinhalf hourorhour longadulttimesegmentsbutalsoinchildren scartoonsandinchildren sprogramminghours Itmaybe then thatbecausecrimehasincreasedonthetelevisionscreen ithasincreasedaroundus inoursociety Justasachildwillspeakwithaforeignaccentbecausethataccentisconstantlyspokeninhisenvironment sohewillpickupotherbehaviouralresponses Accents however arenotdestructive Violenceis 讨论结果时 先因后果 因果法常用的过渡语 表原因 because of since as for owingto dueto forthereasonthat attributeto imputeto 表结果 so soasto sothat therefore thus consequently accordingly asaresult hence giveriseto 表示因果关系可以利用上述过渡语 并采用不同句式 例如表达 市民购买力下降 和 低收入 之间的因果关系 可用多种句型表示 Thecauseof reasonforthedeclineinthecitizens purchasingpoweristheirlowincome Oneconsequence Oneresult Theeffectofthelowincomeisadeclineinthecitizens purchasingpower Thecitizens incomehasbecomelower Accordingly Asaconsequence Asaresult Becauseofthis Consequently Forthisreason Now So Therefore Thus theirpurchasingpowerhasdeclined As Because Now Sincethecitizens incomehasbecomelower theirpurchasingpowerhasdeclined Lowincomecauses leadsto produces resultsinadeclineinthecitizens purchasingpower Adeclineinthecitizens purchasingpowerisbecauseof causedby dueto owingtotheirlowincome Thecitizens incomehasbecomelower Henceadeclineintheirpurchasingpower Thecitizens purchasingpowerdeclinesasaresultof becauseof onaccountof owingtotheirlowincome If Whenthecitizens incomebecomeslower theirpurchasingpowerdeclines 4 比较法和对比法 comparisonandcontrast 注意点 1 比较或对比的对象必须属于同一意义范畴 如 wifevs husband bicyclevs car citylifevs countrylife Chinesevs English2 要遵循一致的比较模式 将相比较的对象称为items 把比较的方面称作points 则可以分为a point by pointpattern 逐点比较法 b blockpattern 整块比较法 例 Asapopularsayinggoes Healthisbetterthanwealth Goodhealthenablesonetoenjoyhislifeandachievewhathehopesforinhiscareer Ontheotherhand poorhealthtendstodepriveoneofhisinterestineverythingaroundhim Therefore healthisindispensabletoone shappy 5 用定义法来扩展 definition 定义法是指在扩展段落时 解释词 短语或给各种事物和概念下定义 以解释和阐明某个概念的本质特征 说明段落的中心思想 从而达到作者陈述论证或反驳某一观点的目的 采用定义法扩展段落可通过同义词 反义词 术语例证以及比较和对照等方式给某一概念下定义 Whatthen isgenerationgap Generationgapreferstothedistanceandcontradictionbetweentheoldandtheyoung It sacommonphenomenonthatexistseverywhereintheworldandinfluencesboththeoldandtheyoung Generallyspeaking generationgapresultsindifferentunderstandingandappreciationofthegreatandconstantchangesoftheworld differentreactiontonewthings anddifferentattitudestotraditionalprinciplesandbelief Todescribeitspotentialsthecomputerneedsanewname Perhapsgoodanameasanyis informationmachine Thistermisintendedtodistinguishitsfunctionfromthatofapowermachine suchasaloom Aloomperformsthephysicalworkofweavingafabric theinformationmachinecontrolsthepatternbeingwoven Itspurposeisnottheperformanceofworkbuttheorderingandsupervisionofthewayinwhichtheworkisdone 6 用分类法来扩展 classification 为了更清楚地说明某事物 把要解释的事物根据其特点分成较小地类别或单位 逐类阐述 例 Thebravefiesta 西班牙的宗教节日 alsocalledthemostartisticandcruelwayofkillingananimal consistsofsixperformancesinwhichsixbullsarekilledbythreebullfighters oneatatime EachoftheseindividualperformancesconsistsofthreemainpartswhosecontinuitypresentsoneofthemostbeautifulandbloodyspectacleswhichpeoplepaytowatchduringthesunnyafternooninSpainandcertaincountriesinLatinAmerica Usefulexpressionsinclassification classes sections families categories units parts kinds divisions groups types items sorts maybeclassifiedaccordingto fallinto twocategories canbedividedinto maybefurthersubdivided comprises maybeputinto Wemaysort into Introduction 引言段包括openingsentences和thesisstatement两部分 主要有以下几种常见的写法 一 对文章的命题进行简单的陈述 缩小范围 自然过渡到命题 如 Topic Peopleshouldreadonlythosebooksthatareaboutrealevents realpeople andestablishedfacts Writeacompositionofabout300wordstosupportwhetheryouagreeordisagreewiththeabovestatement Bookscanbefactualaboutrealevents realpeopleandestablishedfactslikemagazines textbooks andreferencebooks Bookscanalsobeimaginativeaboutimaginaryevents imaginarypeopleandmade upfactslikenovels poetryselectionsandplayscripts Whatevertypeabookbelongsto factualorimaginary awell writtenbookbenefitstheirreaderfromadifferentangle therefore peopleshouldreadbooksofbothtypes 二 对文章论述的重要概念下定义 如 Topic Peopleseldomforgetspecialgiftsorpresentsthattheyhavereceived Writeacompositionofabout300wordsonthisissue Specialgiftsaregiftsthatpeoplerarelygiveoutorreceiveonaparticularoccasion Justbecauseofrareness specialgiftsareenrichedwiththefeelingfromthegiver Thedecisiontogiveaspecialgift theeffortsmadeinfindingonecoupledwiththerarenessofthepresentmakesaspecialgiftdeeplyremembered 三 以发问的形式开头 如 Topic Whatisoneofthemostimportantdecisionsyouhavemade Whydoyouconsiderthisdecisionimportant Writeacompositionofabout300wordsonthisissue Whatisanimportantdecision Animportantdecisionisonethatinfluencesus especiallyourlifetoagreatextent Animportantdecisioncanbeeitherrightorwrong Itsimportanceliesinitsimpactonsuchgreatmattersasourcareer ourwayoflifeandoursuccessinthesociety Conclusion 结尾段由结束语 closingstatement 和结论句 concludingsentence 两部分组成 结束语创造文章结束的气氛 结论句则表达作者经过上面的讨论对主题有进一步的认识 并得出概括性结论 结束语的写法有两种 一是总结正文 二是用另一种表达方式重述文章的命题 Topic Someimportantnaturalresources suchasforests animals orcleanwateraredisappearing Chooseoneresourceandexplainwhyitneedstobesaved Writeacompositionofabout300wordsonthisissue 假设正文第一段主题句为Forestsarehomeofanimals 第二段主题句为Forestsaresourcesoflumber meatandsomedrugingredients 第三段主题句为Forestsareproducersofoxygen 总结正文的结束语为 Sinceforestaresheltersofwildanimals suppliersoflumber meat naturaldrugingredientsandoxygen theyareman smostvaluablenaturalresources 结论句的写法则有多种 提出更具概括性的结论Theextinctionofspecies theshortageoflumberanddrugingredients thereductionofoxygenandtheincreaseofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereallsignalthatwecannotaffordtoloseanymoreforests 2 假设文章命题为Forestsshouldbesavedimmediatelyforanumberofreasons 重述命题的结束语应为Forestsaresovaluabletoourhumanlifethatworldwideactionsshouldbetakentostoplosinganymoreofthem 2 提出建议Tostoplosingmoreforests weshouldeducatepeople especiallythosewhohavedestroyedandwhoaregoingtodestroyforestsforonereasonoranother inwhyforestsmustexistontheearth 3 提出解决问题的办法Toachieveamosteffectiveforestsavingcampaign wecanholdworldwideboycottsagainstanyproductsdirectlyandindirectlycomingoutfromforestland 4 提出警告Ifforestsarecontinuouslylosingliketoday onedayinthefutureourhumanswillsustaintheconsequencesoftoday sforestdestruction havingnowildanimals lumber naturaldrugingredientsandmoreimportantly oxygen 5 提出预言Shouldwenottakeactionstosaveforeststoday onedayinthefuturewewillrunoutofsuchvaluablenaturalresourcesaslumber drugingredients animalsandoxygen 1 句式错落技巧作文要尽量用简洁明快的文字表达 但在必要时 特别是首尾段 要有意识地使用几个主从句或并列句 简单句的连用最好不要超过三句 短句用于强调 长句表达更复杂的思想 长 短句的搭配应错落有秩 e g Iusuallygotothecountryforawalkduringtheweekend LastSundayIdecidedtospendthewholedayinthecityforachange IdecidedtovisittheTiananmenSquareandtheZhongshanPark Itwasearly Ilefthome Thestreetsaroundweredeserted Therewerenousualcrowdsandtraffic Everythingwasstrangelyquiet Revisedversion ThoughIusuallygotothecountryforawalkduringtheweekend IdecidedtospendthewholedayinthecityforachangelastSunday IwenttotheTiananmenSquareandtheZhongshanPark ItwassoearlywhenIlefthomethatthestreetsaroundmyneighborhoodweredeserted Withouttheusualcrowdsandtraffic everythingwasstrangelyquiet Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop Itisveryeasytoentertheshoplookingforabookon say ancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyofthelatestbest sellingnovel somethingwhichhadnotinterestedyouuptillthen Thisvolumeonthesubject however happenedtobesowellillustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointeresting thatyoujusthadtobuyit Thissortofthingcanbeverydangerous Apartfromrunningupahugeaccount youcanwasteagreatdealoftimewanderingfromsectiontosection 常见复杂句式 定语从句同位语从句分词伴随状语并列结构独立组织结构倒装句 EventhosewhodislikeHemingway sothernovelsarelikelytoenjoyTheOldManandtheSea whichIconsideritoneoftheliterarymasterpiecesofourtime 定语从句 分词伴随状语 Anyway luckmayinfluenceus butweshouldnevergiveuphalfway convincedthatoureffortwillpayinthelongrun Withthedevelopmentofpeople slivingstandardinmodernsocietypeopleconsiderentertainmenttobeindispensabletotheirlife 同位语从句定语从句 ThiswasjustaftertheFirstWorldWar atimewhenAmericanswerelearning probablyforthefirsttimeonthismassivescale thattherewasvariationbetweentheEnglishspokeninBritainandintheUnitedStates Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolers perceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren Home schoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschools chargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren 分词伴随状语并列结构 Rewritethefollowingsentencesa You llfindyouarefitforbusinessandyoucanmakeityourmainjob b Wewillownnothingatallifwedependonluck c Dissatisfactionmakespeopleproducedesireforbetterthings d Sincepeoplearealwaysnotsatisfiedwiththeirpresentsituation theywantfurtherdevelopment e Moneycanimprovetheirlivingstandard f Eatingoutsidehasthemostadvantagethatwecangoatanytimewhenwefinisheatingwithoutdoinganywashing g Inthiscontinuedprocess peoplemakeprogress h Iamnotgoodatmath butatEnglish a You llfindyouarefitforbusinessandyoucanmakeityourmainjob a Youwillfindthatyouarecutoutforbusinessandyoucanmakeityourcareer b Wewillownnothingatallifwedependonluck b Wewillgetnowhereifwerelyonluck c Dissatisfactionmakespeopleproducedesireforbetterthings c Dissatisfactionimpelspeopleforthebetter d Sincepeoplearealwaysnotsatisfiedwiththeirpresentsituation theywantfurtherdevelopment d Sincepeopleareneversatisfiedwiththeirstatusquo theywantfurtherdevelopment e Moneycanimprovetheirlivingstandard e Moneycanimprovetheirlife f Eatingoutsidehasthemostadvantagethatwecangoatanytimewhenwefinisheatingwithoutdoinganywashing f Thebestpartofeatingoutisthatwecanleaveeverythingbehindaftermeal g Inthiscontinuedprocess peoplemakeprogress g Inthiscycle peoplemakeprogress h Iamnotgoodatmath butatEnglish h MystrengthisnotmathematicsbutEnglish 2 Useproverbs wittylinesetc Amanisknownbythecompanyhekeeps 观其友而知其人 Asyousow sowillyoureap 种瓜得瓜 种豆得豆 Actionsspeaklouderthanwords 行动胜于空话 Allthingscometothosewhowait 苍天不负苦心人 Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy 万事开头难 Achievementisfoundedondiligenceandwasteduponrecklessness 业精于勤荒于嬉 Betterlatethannever 迟做总比不做好 Bitterpillsmayhavewholesomeeffects 良药苦口利于病 忠言逆耳利于行 Constantdrippingwearsawaythestone 滴水穿石 Theerrorofamomentbecomestheregretofalifetime 一失足成千古恨 Opportunityknocksonlyonce 机不可失时不再来 Toerrishumane toforgive divine 人孰无过 宽恕为贵 1 Wefeelfreetodowhateverwelike nolongerrestrictedtothedullclassroomregulations 2 Wemaybreatheinmuchfresherairanddomanyoutdooractivitieswhichweenjoyverymuch 3 Thebeautifulnaturalscenerymaymakeusveryexcited 4 Wecanflykitesandrunafterthemexcitedlyandtakealotofphotosagainstthemagnificentscenes Althoughwomenareusuallyconsideredthe gentlesex throughouthistoryindividualstrong nervedwomenhaveprovedtougherthantheordinaryman Joa