论考研英语阅读之干扰项.doc

论考研英语阅读之干扰项干扰项是一个非常庞大的话题。本来想把题目命为“论考研英语阅读的干扰项之.”，后来想，太细了未必是好事。不如写一篇长文，把干扰项如何干扰到你的，你怎么会选到干扰项的，一一道出。虽采用考研英语阅读的例子，由于其难度偏大，对四六级阅读的难题肯定也有帮助。考研阅读难在哪里？很多同学熟记了单词，消灭了长难句，可发现分数依然暴低。其本质在于考研英语是一个非常具有技巧性的考试，没有技巧就没有了一切。阅读题的干扰项，很多就是原文的内容，并且没有偏差。可为什么就不选呢？很多参考书语焉不详，“与原文不符合”、“不是重点内容”等叙述鱼目混珠，极大地干扰了你的复习。为了清楚地说明内容，下面把干扰项的特征概述如下。1、 利用题干八卦阵，狂打太极不知耻。例一：Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. （00-2）55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?A A lack of mates.B A fierce competition.C A lower survival rate.（C）D A defective gene. 这一道题，你仔细看的话，会发现A、C、D项都是原文提到的。原文提到，首先是男人死得快一些；然后提寻找伴侣时，男生会过剩；最后提“大部分的差别是由于基因”。其实这一题的太极在题干：used to，过去的危险。而文章第四行有个now，这一题选C，只有这个描述是在now前面的，表示过去。例二：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. （05-1）24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _.A prefer grapes to cucumbersB can be taught to exchange thingsC will not be co-operative if feeling cheated（C）D are unhappy when separated from others这一题，很多同学用题干的专有名词定位，看的是第一段，所以选了B或者D。有同学看了中间那段，选了A。其实本题选C。它集中体现了题干打太极的特点：题干有个词：eventually（最终的），只要文章一直讲这两人的研究，越靠后的越是答案，前面的都不是最终的发现。所以，最后一段的叙述才是答案。例三：Still, Jefferson freed Hemingss children though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. （08-4）40.Washingtons decision to free slaves originated from hisA moral considerations.B military experience.C financial conditions.D political stand.有同学看了这题就骂：选A是对的，原文有all men were created equal，貌似也可以选D。选B也是对的，原文有the bravery of the black soldiers。那么到底选什么？题干又开始打太极了：originated from. 问一下你们，什么叫originate，源于，起源于。原文的叙述是不是有顺序？哪件事情是最开始发生的？原文的after告诉你，后面的内容是最开始发生的。所以选B。这一题，很多市面上的辅导书都讲不清楚，只用“符合最后一段某句”一带而过。读者可以自己去总结一下，题干哪些词、哪类词经常摆八卦打太极。2、 形似原文要小心，神似原文要相信。例一：For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. （07-2）26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?A Answering philosophical questions.B Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C Telling the differences between certain concepts.（D） D Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones. 这道题太妖了。那个B，貌似原文提到了；那个C，貌似原文也提到了。然而此题选D。有人问我为什么，我要告诉你，B选项的动词是fold or cut，让你折纸或切纸；而原文的动词却是envision（想象），想象一张纸被切被折之后的形状，让你去切去折了吗？那个C，根本不是智力测试包含的内容。读者仔细看，会发现原文的意思是“某些概念的区别，如爱与喜欢，幸运与巧合，这是高智商的人所困惑的”：it is a bit confusing when. 这一题的D，离原文距离的确遥远。仔细看，加之有词汇功底，才能发现它是原文某句的同义词替换：words - verbal, graphs - visual, similar to - analogies。原文是“完成言语和视觉类比”，正确选项是“选择词语或图表和给定的相似”。 例二：When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”. （01-5）67.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?A Full-time employment is a new international trend.B The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.C “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.（B）D The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.各位看官，你们可以很确定地说，这道题没有干扰项，选C无疑，是吧？恭喜你，你又答错了。这一题选B。为啥呢？理由是不是只要形似原文的，就一定错呢？与原文距离远的，就一定对呢？那可不一定。对错的标准不在这里。仔细看，发现文章是第一人称写的。这一题说下列哪项正确，选项中就要带有第一人称（the writer）来限定范围，否则，这样的描述就不能放之四海而皆准。B项中，compelled by circumstances是原文a lateral move的同义替换。通过这一节，你发现，凡是形似原文，甚至照抄原文的选项，要小心其正确性。正确答案一般满足“似非而是，似是而非”的特点。3、 词汇内涵把不准，全文重复又一村。例如：（05-1全文）Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.22、The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that _.A monkeys are also outraged by slack rivalsB resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other（B）D no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.A more inclined to weigh what they getB attentive to researchers instructionsC nice in both appearance and temperament（A）D more generous than their male companions解析：第22题，很多同学会在B和C选项之间徘徊。这一题问的是it is all too monkey暗示了什么，根据并列的语意提示（as well），在原文找到all too human后面的句子：with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. 问题来了，grievance大家都知道是“委屈”，那么这是B的“发泄不公平感”，还是C的“相互妒忌”呢？文章已经标出来，如果你往后看，会发现文章后半部分反复出现induce resentment / not being cheated / a sense of fairness等词，得知选B。第23题，定位原文之后，重点在于原文the value of goods and services的理解。这是D选项的generous（慷慨）吗？D选项很接近原文。仔细看文章第一段和最后一段，你发现全文的重复点不在于“慷慨”或是“大方”，而在于“人比人，气死人”、“精打细算”。因此这一题选A，“更加倾向于衡量它们所得到的”。这一题同时在题干打了太极：most probably because.，对应原文above all后面内容。综上，在两个选项中出现词汇内涵把握不准的，跟着文章主题或者全文重复较多的词去走，一定会大有裨益。相似的题目还有2006年第21题，读者可以自己做做。四、选项有细又有粗，选不出来你是猪。例一：Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” - the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “Its your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center. “If you dont like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events - until, it appears, we begin to dream. （05-3）32.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _.A its function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotions（C）D its difference from the prefrontal cortex这一题看起来很温柔，却能使你死得很快。很多同学通过limbic system找到第二段所考的句子，读了之后选了D。的确，D选项是第二段内容，但它只是个细节。这一题题目的三个词请注意：refer / author / show。说明本题是例子题，这种题目的答案一定不要是文章的细节。仔细看看各段，发现文章在讲“梦和情感的关系”（红字内容），所以选C。例二：It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them especially in America the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year