21世纪大学商务英语综合教程第三册课文英汉对照翻译ByMJX.doc

UNIT1 Free Trade Has Enriched the World with More than Diverse Goods自由贸易给世界带来的不仅是丰富多彩的商品By Daniel Griswold Tune in to cable TV, talk radio, or the blogosphere and you will soon be hit over the head with the message that free trade is destroying America. According to the economic populists on the left and right, the wages, jobs, and futures of Main Street Americans are being sacrificed daily to the gods of globalization.只要打开有线电视、收音机或博客网，你很快就会惊讶地获悉： 自由贸易正在摧毁美国。据左右两派经济民粹主义者所说，美国普通老百姓的工资、工作和未来天天都在被当作供品献祭给全球化的神明们。 On trade, as on so much else, the populists have it wrong again. Free trade and globalization are great blessings to American families. Trade is delivering lower prices and more variety to consumers, especially the poor, while creating better paying jobs for the middle class. Beyond the US shores, the spread of economic openness is building a more peaceful, democratic and humane world for our children.就像在其他许多事情上一样，这些民粹主义者们在贸易问题上又搞错了。自由贸易与全球化对美国家庭来说是种种福音。贸易在为中产阶级创造了许多薪酬丰厚的工作岗位的同时，也为消费者（尤其是穷人）带来了价格低廉、品种多样的商品。席卷美国内外的经济开放浪潮正在为我们的孩子们创建一个更为和谐、民主和人性化的世界。 Now it may seem an odd moment to tout the benefits of trade for Main Street America. After all, unemployment is nearing 10 percent, manufacturing is in a slump, and global poverty is rising. But those are all the result of the current recession, a downturn that was not caused by trade but by misguided monetary and housing policies that were “Made in the USA”.看起来，现在吹嘘贸易给美国百姓带来好处似乎并不合时宜。毕竟，目前的失业率几乎高达10%，制造业也处于萧条之中，而全球范围的贫困在不断加剧。但是，那些问题都是眼前的经济衰退所带来的后果，这是一种经济下滑现象，它不是由贸易、而是由“美国制造”的错误的货币政策和房地产政策造成的。 During difficult economic times, import competition allows American families to keep their heads above water by delivering lower prices on staples such as food, clothing, and shoes. The prices we pay for goods exposed to global trade tend to rise more slowly than inflation, or even fall. The expansion of product variety alone from trade delivers an estimated 400 billion a year in benefits to American families because of increased consumer satisfaction, according to a 2004 study by Christian Broda and David E. Weinstein for the National Bureau of Economic Research.在经济困难时期，进口竞争给美国家庭带来了大量诸如食品、服装和鞋类等物美价廉的日常必需品，才使得他们不致于陷入灭顶之灾。我们为受全球化贸易影响的物品所支付价格的上涨速度往往比通货膨胀的涨幅更慢，或者说，价格甚至反而下降。根据“（美国）国家经济研究局”克里斯汀布洛达和大卫.E.威恩斯特于2004年所做的一项研究，由于消费者满意度的提升，仅产品的品种扩展这一项每年就给美国家庭带来约四千亿美元的实惠。 No consumer benefit proportionally more from trade than the poor, and nobody suffers more from existing trade barriers. The imported fresh fruit and vegetables, T-shirts and discounted sneakers sold at big-box retailers loom especially large in the budgets of poor and middle-class families. Perversely, the highest remaining US trade barriers are aimed at products that are disproportionately made by poor people abroad and consumed by poor people at home. The 25 billion the US government collects each year through import tariffs is the most regressive tax in the federal arsenal. According to a study by the Progressive Policy Institute, a single mother earning 20,000 a year pays a much higher share of her income for import duties than a manager earning 100,000 a year. Labor unions and other groups that oppose tariff-lowering trade agreements are unwittingly serving a status quo that is punishing the poor.没有任何消费者从贸易中获得的好处按比例计算会比穷人获得的多；也没有任何人遭受现有的贸易壁垒所带来的祸害会比穷人所遭的多。大型零售超市销售的进口鲜果、蔬菜、T恤衫和折价运动鞋在穷人和中产阶级家庭的消费预算中占据非常高的比例。而不合常理的是，美国现存最高的贸易壁垒的目标却是针对绝大部分由国外穷人生产、国内穷人消费的产品。美国政府每年通过进口关税获取的250亿美元的税收是联邦宝库中递减幅度最大的税种。一项由“进步政策研究所”所做的研究表明，按进口关税中所占个人收入比例计算，一位年收入为两万美元的单亲母亲所支付的进口关税要比年收入为十万美元的经理高得多。工会和其他一些团体反对低关税的贸易协议，但他们在无意识地维护的却是损害穷人利益的现行贸易制度。 Despite what the populists tell us, the consumer benefits of trade have not come at the expense of jobs or wages. As a candidate for president in 2007, Barack Obama was echoing CNNs Lou Dobbs when he told a cheering union crowd in Chicago that importing lower-priced T-shirts from developing countries was not worth the loss of jobs. “People dont want a cheaper T-shirt if theyre losing a job in the process,” he said. “They would rather have a job and pay a little bit more for a T-shirt.”不管民粹主义者们怎么说三道四，消费者从贸易中所获的好处并没有损害我们的就业和薪酬。作为2007年的总统候选人，奥巴马作为美国有线新闻网（CNN）的卢道布斯的应声虫，对着芝加哥一群兴高采烈的工会会员们说，从发展中国家进口低价T恤衫跟失去就业机会相比是不值得的。“如果为了一件廉价的T恤衫而丢失工作的话，大家是决不会那么做的，”他说。“他们宁愿要一份工作，也不在乎为T恤衫付高点的价格。” Like most politicians, candidate Obama chose to represent a small but noisy special interest at the expense of the large majority of Americans. Only one-third of one percent of American workers are engaged in making clothing and textiles of any kind. That comparescompares to the virtually 100 percent of Americans who buy and wear T-shirts and other clothing. If Americans are forced to pay higher prices because of import restrictions, a small number of jobs would be “saved” but at a huge cost to working families. 与多数政客一样，总统候选人奥巴马也情愿代表那些少数喧嚣的特殊利益团体，而牺牲绝大多数美国普通百姓的利益。只有百分之一中的三分之一的美国工人还在从事各类服装和纺织品的生产。与此相比较的是，差不多百分之百的美国人都要购买和身穿T恤衫和其他服装。如果因为进口的限制而迫使美国人支付更高的商品价格，那有可能会“保住”数量很少的就业岗位，但却是以美国众多家庭巨大经济损失为代价的。 Across the entire U.S. economy, trade accounts for a small share of job displacement. For every worker displaced by trade or outsourcing, 30 American workers typically lose their jobs because of other factors most commonly technological change, but also domestic competition and changing consumer tastes. Think of the 30,000 workers at Kodak that have been laid off in the past five years, not because of imports, but because of the popularity of digital cameras and plunging film sales. My former calling, the newspaper business, has been hemorrhaging jobs since2001, not because of unfair trade, but because of Craigslist and changing reader habits. “Job churn” is a fact of life in a dynamic, open economy.在美国的整个经济中，由贸易导致的裁员只占很小的比例。相对于一位工人因贸易或外包而遭裁退，通常就会有30位美国工人由于其他的因素而丧失工作，这些因素中最常见的有技术变革及国内竞争和消费者嗜好的变化。想想过去五年中柯达公司解聘了三万名工人，这种解聘并不是因为进口，而是由数字相机的普及和胶卷销售价格暴跌而引起的。我以前从事的行业报业，2001年以来一直在大量裁员，并非由于不公平贸易，而是由于Craigslist网络社区的免费分类广告和读者阅读习惯的改变。在动态、开放的经济环境里，“工作不断变动”已成生活的一种客观事实。 A big lie of the trade debate is that we have been surrendering middle-class manufacturing jobs for low-paying service jobs. Since the early 1990s, the U.S. economy has lost more than 3 million manufacturing jobs, but during that same period the economy has added 18 million service-sector jobs that are typically better paying. In fact, since 1991, two-thirds of the net new jobs created in the U.S. economy are in sectors such as healthcare, education, and business and professional service where the average pay is higher than in manufacturing. The American middle class today earns its keep from better-paying service sectorjobs. Knock on doors in a typical middle-class American neighborhood and you will meet teachers, managers, architects, engineers, computer specialists, accountants and auditors, police officers and fire fighters, insurance and real estate agents, registered nurses and other healthcare professionals, and self-employed business owners.贸易辩论中的一大谎言是： 我们一直在为换取低薪的服务业工作而丢失中产阶级的制造业岗位。从20世纪90年代初以来，美国经济虽失去了300万份制造业的工作岗位，但在同期却增加了1800万份服务业的工作，而且通常情况下薪金都更高。实际上，1991年以来美国经济中新创造的净三分之二的岗位都发生在平均工资比制造业要高的服务业，如医疗保健、教育、商业和专业服务等。美国中产阶层现在都在服务业谋生，所获收入更高。你只要在美国中产阶级聚居的社区敲开住户的房门，那你所见到的就会是教师、管理人员、建筑师、工程师、电脑专家、会计和审计师、警官和消防队员、保险和房地产中介、注册护士和其他医疗专业人士，以及自谋职业的业主。 Beyond American shores, falling trade barriers and the spread of technology have created a more prosperous, democratic, and peaceful world. Again, this may seem a counter-intuitive argument in the face of daily headlines about a global recession and ongoing violence in the Middle East and Africa, but here too we need to step back and assess long-term trends.在美国以外的世界，贸易壁垒的逐渐消除如技术的普及已使世界变得更为繁荣、民主与和平。当每天面对大量关于全球危机和中东与非洲持续暴力的新闻大标题时，上述观点可能似乎又与我们的直觉相反。不过，也正是在这一点上，我们有必要退一步来评估一下（自由贸易的）长期走向。 The past three decades of expanding trade and globalization have witnessed dramatic global progress. Between 1981 and 2005, the share of the worlds population living on the equivalent of 1.25 a day dropped by half, from 52 to 25 percent, according to the World Bank. In China alone, the number in absolute poverty fell by 600 million. During this same period, real gains have been made in life expectancy, infant survival, nutrition, and literacy. Child labor rates have fallen by more than half. It is not a coincidence that the most dramatic gains against poverty have occurred in those countries that have most aggressively opened themselves to the global economy.过去三十年不断扩展的国际贸易和全球化已经见证了巨大的全球性进步。根据世界银行的统计数据，1981年至2005年间，日均约1.25美元生活费的贫困人口比例下降了一半，即从原来52%降至25%。仅在中国，生活在绝对贫困线以下的人口就下降了六个亿。也是在这期间，人均寿命、婴儿生存率、营养和识字率方面都取得了实质性的进展。童工率也下降了一半多。在消除贫困上取得最大进步的都是最积极向世界经济开放的那些国家，这并不只是一种巧合。 Meanwhile, as a global middle class has emerged, so too have more democratic forms of government. Trade has spread tools of communication and spurred the growth of civil society as an alternative to centralized government. As a result, the share of the worlds population living in countries that respect civil liberties and the right to vote has climbed from 35 percent in 1973 to 46 percent today, according to Freedom House.全球中产阶层形成的同时，世界上也有了更多更为民主的政府。贸易使通讯工具在世界各地得到普及，从而推进了以文明社会替代集权政府的进程。因此，据自由审议会所说，生活在尊重公民自由和选举权的国家的人口比例已从1973年时的35%提升到现在的46%。 Fewer people are dying in wars today than in past decades, in large part because commerce has replaced military competition. Global commerce has allowed nations to gain access to resources through trade rather than conquest, while deeper economic integration has brought former enemies together and raised the cost of war. Even with the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, young American adults living today are far less likely to fight and die in wars than their counterparts in the 1940s, 50s and 60s.与过去几十年相比，现在死于战争的人数大大减少，主要原因是商业交流已经取代了军事竞争。全球化的商业使世界各国能通过贸易而不是通过征服，去获取资源；与此同时，更深入发展的经济一体化使得以前的敌人走到一起来了，并使战争的成本更高了。即便是仍在进行中的伊拉克和阿富汗战争，现在年青的美国成年人，比起（20世纪）40、50和60年代的同龄人，奔赴战场甚至战死的可能性要低得多。 America and the world face daunting tasks today, as in generations past, but expanding trade is part of the solution, not part of the problem. Americans should have the same warm feelings toward free trade and globalization as they do toward iPods, email, online shopping, a well-fed child going off to school, and peace on earth.跟过去几代人一样，现在的美国和整个世界都面临着艰巨的任务，但贸易的扩大是解决问题的途径之一，而不是问题之一。美国人应该对自由贸易和全球化怀有一副热心肠，就像他们热衷于iPod、电子邮件、在线购物、养育得好的儿童出门上学及地球上的和平等事情那样。UNIT2 How Does an Organization Recruit?一个组织是如何招聘员工的？ By Margaret A. Richardson Introduction引 言 Acquiring and retaining high-quality talent is critical to an organizations success. As the job market becomes increasingly competitive and the available skills grow more diverse, recruiters need to be more selective in their choices, since poor recruiting decisions can produce long-term negative effects, including high training and development costs to minimize the incidence of poor performance and high turnover which, in turn, impact staff morale, the production of high quality goods and services and the retention of organizational memory. At worst, the organization can fail to achieve its objectives, there by losing Its competitive edge andshare of the market. Traditionally, public service organizations have had little need to worry about market share and increasing competition since they operate in a monopolistic environment. But in recent time, the emphasis on new public management approaches has forced public organizations to pay closer attention to their service delivery as consumers have begun to expect and demand more for their tax dollars. No longer are citizens content to grumble about poorly-produced goods and services and the under-qualified, untrained employees who provide them. As societies become more critical and litigious, public service organizations must seek all possible avenues for improving their output and providing the satisfaction their clients require and deserve.获得并留住优秀人才对一个组织的成功至关重要。随着就业市场竞争日益激烈，现有技能变得更加多样化，招聘人员在选择时要更加精挑细选，因为错误的招聘决策能够造成长期的负面影响，包括为了使低效益与高流动性发生率最小化而进行的培训与育才的高额成本，低效益与高流动性相应地会影响员工的士气、产品的质量、服务的水平及组织在人们记忆中的形象的保持。甚至组织可能无法实现其目标，并因而失去其竞争优势和市场份额。传统上，公共服务组织没有什么必要担心它们的市场份额与不断增加的竞争，因为它们处在一个垄断的环境中。但是，最近，对新型公共管理方法的强调迫使公共组织更加重视它们所提供的服务（的质量），因为消费者已经开始期望并要求他们用美元交纳的税收能得到更多的回报。他们不再满足于只是抱怨质量差的产品或服务及提供这种服务或产品的未经培训的不合格员工。随着社会更加热衷于批判与诉讼，公共服务组织必须寻求所有可能的途径去改善其产品质量，提高其顾客所要求并理应得到的对产品和服务的满意度。 The provision of high-quality goods and services begins with the recruitment process. Recruitment is described as “the set of activities and processes used to legally obtain a sufficient number of qualified people at the right place and time so that the people and the organization can select each other in their own best short and long term interests”. In other words, the recruitment process provides the organization with a pool of potentially qualified job candidates from which judicious selection can be made to fill vacancies.优质产品与服务的提供始于招聘过程。招聘被描述为“用于在适当的时间与适当的地点，合法地获得足够数量的合格人员的一系列活动与过程，通过这些活动与过程，应聘人员与组织能够根据各自的短期与长期利益进行双向选择”。换句话说，招聘过程为组织提供了一批有潜力的、合格的工作候选人，供组织做出明智而审慎的选择以填补空缺。 Successful recruitment begins with proper employment planning and forecasting. In this phase of the staffing process, an organization formulates plans to fill or eliminate future job openings based on an analysis of future needs, the talent availablewithin and outside of the organization, and the current and anticipated resources that can be expended to attract and retain such talent. 成功的招聘始于适当的招聘规划与预测。在人员配给这个阶段，组织根据未来的需要、组织内外可用的人才与能够用于吸引与留住这种人才的现有以及预期的资源，制订计划以添补或者取消未来的工作空缺。 Also related to the success of a recruitment process are the strategies an organization is prepared to employ in order to identify and select the best candidates for its developing pool of human resources. Organizations seeking recruits for base-level entry positions often require minimum qualifications and experience. These applicants are usually recent university graduates, many of whom have not yet made clear decisions about future careers or are contemplating engaging in advanced academic activity. At the middle levels, senior administrative, technical and junior executive positions are often filled internally. The push for scarce, high-quality talent, often recruited from external sources, has usually been at the senior executive levels. Most organizations utilize both mechanisms to effect recruitment to all levels.同样与招聘过程的成功相关的是一个组织准备应用的种种策略，目的是为了识别并选拔最佳候选人，以发展其人力资源储备。寻招初级入门类员工的组织，通常对应聘者的资历和经验的要求最低。这些应聘者通常是刚毕业的大学生，其中许多人对于未来的职业还没有清晰的决定或者正在考虑继续学习深造。在中层人员层次中，高级行政主管、技术与初级主管等职位通常从内部选拔。对常常从组织外部招聘稀有优秀人才他们通常是从外部招募的方面所做的努力，通常是在高级主管层面上进行。大多数组织同时使用这两种机制来开展不同层次的招聘工作。 Recruiting from Internal Sources从内部人才资源中招聘 There are sound reasons for recruiting from sources within the organization: 从组织内部的人力资源中进行招聘是有充分理由的： 1) The ability of the recruit is known so it is easy to assess potential for the next level. By contrast, assessments of external recruits are based on less reliable sources, such as references, and relatively brief encounters, such as interviews.1) 了解对受聘者的能力，所以就容易评估其从事高一层次工作的潜质；相反，对从外部招募进来的员工的评估往往基于诸如推荐人及像面试之类的较为简短的面对面接触等可信度不高的资信来源。 2) “Insiders know the organization, its strengths and weaknesses, its culture and, most of all, its people.individuals above the entry level. This may result in people being promoted before they are ready, or not being allowed to stay in a position long enough to learn how to do the job well.2)“内部受聘人员”了解该组织，了解其优势和劣势，了解其文化；而且，最重要的是，了解该组织中的大部分成员。 3) Infighting, inbreeding, and a shortage of varied perspectives and interests may reduce organizational flexibility and growth, and resistance to change by those who have an interest in maintaining the status quo may present long-term problems.3) 公司内部升迁会激发员工的动力，并培养了员工对组织的使命感。有技能、有抱负的员工更可能参与到开发性的活动中去，如果他们相信这些活动能够导致升职的话。 4) In times of rapid growth and during transitions, the organization may promote from within into managerial positions, regardless of the qualifications of incumbents. Transition activities and rapid organizational growth often mask managerial deficiencies; it is not until the growth rate slows that the deficiencies become apparent and, then, the organization finds it difficult, if not impossible, to undo the damage. The resulting cost of remedial training can prove prohibitive.4) 比起在各种各样的媒体上打广告招聘和面试“外部人员”，内部招聘的成本更低，速度更快；用于培训受聘者并使他们融入该组织群体所花的时间也更短。 At the same time, several disadvantages exist： 不过，内部招聘也存在着几方面的不利因素： 1) Sometimes it is difficult to find the “right” candidate within and the organization may settle for an employee who possesses a less than ideal mix of competencies.1） 有时很难在组织内部找到一个合适的人选，这样该组织就可能退而求其次地满足于综合能力较不理想的人选。 2) If the vacancies are being caused by rapid expansion of the organization, there may be an insufficient supply of qualified2） 如果职位的空缺是由于组织的快速发展而形成的，那就可能存在着能跨过招聘门槛的合格人选供不应求的情况。这就可能导致这么一种结果，即得以提升者要么并没有做好这方面的准备，要么没能让他在一个岗位上呆上足够长的时间去学会如何做好这项工作。 3) Promotions from within build motivation and a sense of commitment to the organization. Skilled and ambitious employees are more likely to become involved in developmental activities if they believe that these activities will lead to promotion.3） 内部纷争、近亲繁衍及多元的想法与兴趣的缺乏，可能降低组织的灵活性和发展速度；同时，那些维持现状的既得利益者们对变革的抵制可能引发种种长期性的问题。 4) Internal recruitment is cheaper and quicker than advertising in various media and interviewing “outsiders”. Time spent in training and socialization is also reduced.4） 在迅速发展时期和过渡时期中，组织可能不问现任人员的条件如何就从内部推荐人员担任管理职位。过渡性活动和快速的组织增长，常常掩盖了管理上的缺失；只有到了增长速度变慢时这种缺失才能明显地显现出来，那时组织就会发现很难如果还不是完全不可能的话弥补损失了。结果是，补救性培训的成本可能就会高得令人望而却步了。 Recruiting From External Sources从外部人才资源中招聘 External recruiting methods can be grouped into two classes: informal and formal. Informal recruiting methods tap a smaller market than formal methods. These methods may include rehiring former employees and choosing from among those “walk-in” applicants whose unsolicited rsums had been retained on file. The use of referrals also constitutes an informal hiring method. Because they are relatively inexpensive t