科技论文写作1.doc

第九讲 科技论文写作一科技论文的构成Abstract（摘要）对论文的目地、方法、主要结果和结论进行概括1Introduction（导论）背景材料与文献回顾，介绍研究主题2Text（正文）1）Theory analysis（理论分析）介绍所采用的或所提出的理论模型或对问题的理论分析，包括各种数学表达式2）Experiment procedure（实验与方法）实验设备和实验方法的描述，包括图形和照片等3）Results（结果部分）包括各种表格、图表、对比、推论等4）Discussion （讨论）阐明研究结果的意义和对本领域的贡献，对发现提出可能的说明3Conclusion（结论部分）简略地重复主要发现和结果，指出其内涵Acknowledgememt（致谢）Reference（参考文献）二Introduction（导论） 主要功能是阐述研究的动机和目地。导论往往是最难写的部分之一，须采用适当的方法和组织形式来论述论文主题，同时导论的内容通常反映了作者对本研究领域的了解程度和研究水平。1基本内容和组织形式导论应清楚说明以下四点：1）主要的研究工作；2）研究工作的目地；3）研究的背景；4）本研究工作在相关领域的地位。导论通常包括以下四个基本步骤：步骤一：背景资料，导论一开始先叙述该研究领域的一般信息，并对将要探讨的问题提供背景知识。步骤二：文献回顾，介绍并讨论其它学者对该问题已发表的相关研究。步骤三：指出仍存在的问题需进一步研究步骤四：介绍本文的研究目地可有可无的步骤步骤五：指出本研究的理论价值和应用价值步骤六：说明本论文的组织结构The dynamic analysis of piping systems using pseudo-dynamic techniques1 INTRODUCTION（背景资料）The broad application areas for piping systems include in the project the influence of time-dependent load actions, following specifications in design codes. This is the case of seismic forces or those resulting from the influence of reciprocating machines included in the system. The case of seismic forces has a leading importance in this type of structure, as catastrophic effects may arise in the system, given the high amplitude of the displacements. Damage mechanisms occur in piping systems frequently at the level of supports, releasing the structure from necessary restrictions and contributing to high-level stress fields at piping details particularly vulnerable to overloads. This is the case of pipe elbows or tee connections, where these accessories undergo a considerable section distortion due to ovalization under in-plane or out-of-plane bending effects.（文献回顾）Relevant work in the design of seismic proof constructions has involved research techniques involving pseudodynamic methods. Aktan 1, Aktan and Hashish 2, Beck and Jayakumar 3 and Akao and Watabe 4 have developed seismic resistant structures after pseudo-dynamic tests performed on reduced-scale models. These researchers have also studied the influence of several damping models on the reduction in the vibration amplitude, having developed dissipation energy motion supports. In the research area of buckling mechanisms of axially loaded columns submitted to transverse seismic actions, contributions have been made by Miki and co-workers 517 at the Daido Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan. For this purpose, pseudo-dynamic techniques were selected to define the damage model of axially loaded columns and submitted to time-variable transverse loads. Significant contributions to the application of these techniques to the study of seismic actions on structures have been made by the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment (ELSA), part of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) located at Ispra (VA), Italy. In these research facilities, pseudo-dynamic tests were carried out with full or reduced-scale models assembled in a huge reaction wall test rig. The simulation of seismic actions has been performed at ELSA, JRC. In these research facilities the pseudo-dynamic tests were carried out with full- or reduced-scale models, assembled in a huge reaction wall test rig. At the JRC, Pinto and co-workers 1823 have presented contributions on the stress analysis and damage mechanisms in civil constructions. （研究目地）The application of pseudo-dynamic techniques is still expanding, meeting increasing interests in the scope of general structural design other than civil construction. The development of fully equipped test rigs is a matter of challenge and imagination for designers. In fact, the method leaves more scope for the design of test rigs for specific applications than further modifications in the method itself, which is actually quite efficient in the use both of numerical algorithms and data processing methods. This is the motivation to report in this work an incursion of pseudo-dynamic methods in the area of piping engineering.背景资料一般先指出论文内容所属研究领域及一般事实，接着转到此大研究领域的其中一个次研究领域并论述某些事实，最后将焦点转到与论文所探讨的问题密切相关的更狭窄的主题，并针对此主题论述一些事实。时态：背景资料通常叙述所属研究领域的普遍事实，通常采用一般现在时。如背景资料所指为本领域最近发生的某种趋势，则使用现在完成时，主动或被动。先旧后新原则文献回顾排序的形式有三类： 依照参考文献的主题与本文关系的密切程度排序 依照参考文献的时间顺序排序 依照所要讨论的参考文献的类别排序1）依照参考文献的主题与本文关系的密切程度排序：先提到与本文关系不太密切的参考文献，再引述最密切的参考文献2）依照参考文献的时间顺序排序：先讨论较早时期的文献，再叙述较晚期的资料3）依照所要讨论的参考文献的类别排序：把所要讨论的参考文献分为几个不同类别，例如按研究路线进行分类。分类后再采用上述1）和2）来引述文献。文献回顾常用句型四种类型：资料导向引述研究领域的一般描述多作者导向引述论文作者导向引述1资料导向引述用以引述与本文相关联的文献，有两种基本格式1) In structural engineering, various model reduction methods have also been developed to reduce the computational load involved in static or dynamical analysis of large scale structures. Among the methods that fall into this category are static condensation（冷凝）13 and various dynamic condensation techniques 14, 15.将参考文献的序号置于方括号（bracket）内2) Because the actual buildings have a non-linear character, sliding mode controls have gained more importance (Adhikari and Yamaguchi, 1997).将参考文献作者及出版年代置于园括号（parenthesis）内2研究领域的一般描述另一种在文献回顾中出现的类型是对某个研究领域的一般描述，往往是表示该领域对某问题的研究程度。因为其内容通常是公认的事实，因此不需引述任何参考文献。一般描述的常用句型之一研究程度动词（完成时，被动）研究主题MuchLittleNoworkresearchhas been carried out onhas been done onhas been performed onstability of analysis of MuchLittleattentionhas been devoted tohas been focused onManyA number ofSeveralQuite fewstudiesexperimentshave been conducted onhave been performed onhave been published on研究主题作为主语时，语态取决于所用动词一般描述的常用句型之二主题动词（完成时，主动）研究程度时间（可有可无）The structure of source codehas beenthe subject of much researchthe subject of few studiesthe focus of a great deal of researchin recent yearsin the last decadesince 19