How to write a research paper 如何写毕业论文.ppt

Howtowritearesearchpaper Lecturer AssociateprofessorFengMiaoling 冯妙玲 1 Thesectionsofaresearchpaper Section1 abstractSection2 keywordsSection3 introductionSection4 literaturereviewSection5 MethodologySection6 findingsSection7 discussionSection8 conclusionSection9 references workscited bibliography Section1 abstract 1 ashortsummary 150 125word helpingreadersdecidewhetherthearticleisrelevanttotheirinterestsandwhetheritneedstobereadinitsentirety Section1 abstract 2 fairlyimpersonalintonetalksaboutwhatthepaperdoesratherthanaboutwhattheauthordid Thisarticleconsiders Thisarticleproposes Thisarticleexamines Section1 abstract 3 needforbrevitymorecomplexinsyntaxthantheactualarticlementioningallthesectionsofthepaperdrawingtheideasforonesentenceortwofromeachofthearticle smainsections Section1 abstract 4 thecontentofanabstract1 researchobjective2 methodology researchsubjects researchinstrument methodsofstatisticalanalysis 3 researchresultsandmajorconclusions4 thesignificanceofthefindings Section1 abstract ThreeexamplesExample1 Feng2 Example2 fu Example3 Seenextpage Section1 abstract AlargesamplingofabstractswasobtainedfromacrosstheU S Thispaperpresentstheresultsoftheanalysisoftheabstracts Severalstatisticalmethodswereusedinthestudy Atableofstylesvs localityintheU S ispresented Severalinterestingconclusionsofthecorrelationstudyarediscussed Finally recommendationsaremadeinhowtoimproveabstractpreparation Section1 abstract Istheaboveabstractgood completelyuninformativeSaysnothingaboutthestudymethods suchassamplingtechniques methodsofstatisticalanalysis andconclusionsofanykind Thedrawbacksofsuchstyleareobvious Thestudentsmustlearntoavoidsuchuselesswriting Section2 keywords Investigate investigation whichoneispreferred Usingnouninsteadofverb4 6wordsmin 2wordsmax 10wordsChosenfromthetitleandabstractwriting punctuation Section3 introduction acrucialpartofthepaperthehardestparttowriteFunction todrawreadersintothetopic tomakethemseewhyitisimportantandwhatyouhavetosayaboutitisnewandinteresting Section3 introduction threestepsStep1 toestablishthegeneralterritoryinwhichyouareworkingOnetraditionalwaytobegin emphasizetheimportanceofthegeneraltopicbybrieflyreviewingpreviousresearchintheareaandmakinggeneralizationsaboutwhathasbeenfound Section3 introduction Step2 toestablishaspecificresearchpointforyourselfinthatgeneralarea1 bymakingacounterclaimtoapreviousresearcher s2 byindicatingthatthereisagapinpreviousresearch3 byraisingnewquestions or conversely byshowingthatyourarecontinuinganimportantresearchtradition Section3 introduction bymakingacounterclaimtoapreviousresearcher sBecauseoftheinterpretivenatureofqualitativework itisrare andaccordingly perhapsrisky toclaimthatsomeoneelseissimplywrong Moreusually acounterclaimisdescribedasadifferentwayofexplainingthings notastherightwayasopposedtothewrongone Section3 introduction 2 byindicatingthatthereisagapinpreviousresearchIfyouchoosethisoption rememberthatthepeoplewhoseworkyouaretalkingaboutmaybereadingyours soyouhadbetterdescribethegapyourworkfillsinratherthantalkaboutwhatotherpeoplehave failed or neglected toshowrespectfortheworkofothers Section3 introduction Bearinmindthatthemerefactsomethinghasnotbeenstudiedbeforeisnotitselfareasontostudyit youhavetoshowwhyitisimportantthatyourresearchspacebefilledin Section3 introduction 3 byraisingnewquestions or conversely byshowingthatyourarecontinuinganimportantresearchtradition rarelyusedduetothedifficulty Section3 introduction Step3 refiningtheresearchquestionsStep4 theoutline structureofthepaper optional Section3 introduction Thewritingcontentoftheintroduction1 Thegeneralterritory theimportanceofthegeneraltopic 2 reviewthepreviousresearchintheareaandmakegeneralizations conclusions3 thegapinpreviousresearch4 yourresearchcontentandquestions Section4 literaturereview Purposeofwritingtheliteraturereview putwhatyouaredoingincontexteitherintegratedintotheintroductionorasaseparatelabeledsection describeotherworkthatbearsonyourtopicacompleteoverviewofyourparticulartopic Section5 Methodology method beingexplicitabouthowyouchosewhoorwhattostudy why abouthowyoucollecteddata abouthowmuchdata orhowmanyspeakers orhowlongyouspentinthefield andaboutyouranalyticalmethods Section5 Methodology method Thecontentofthemethodology1 researchquestions optional howyouchosewhattostudy why2 researchsubjects howyouchosewhoorwhattostudy why Section5 Methodology method discussionsubjects representativesanddistribution whydidn tyoursampleincludemen orAfrican Americans forexample ifitdidnot inwhatwaysareyourresultslikelytobegeneralizedandinwhatwaysaretheyunlikelytobe Bearinmindthattherhetoricalfunctionofthispartistoshowthatyourknowwhatisimportantaboutthemethodologicaldecisionsyoumade Section5 Methodology method 3 researchinstrument howyoucollecteddata 4 datacollectionandanalysis howmuchdata orhowmanyspeakers orhowlongyouspentinthefield andaboutyouranalyticalmethods Section6 findings thedescriptionofresultsanswereachresearchquestioninturnHavingsufficientevidence Inadditiontosuggestinganswerstoyourresearchquestions animportantfunctionofthispartofthepaperistomakeitclearwhatyourevidencewasforeachanswer andthatyourevidencewassufficient Demonstratingtheresultswithparticularexamplesillustratingparticularclaims Section6 findings FirstIdidthis thenIdidthat thenIdiscoveredx thenIdiscoveredy aretrospectiveanalyticalreportabouttheresearchprocessratherthananarrativeoftheresearchprocess Section6 findings Bearinmindthatwhatyouaredescribingisnotwhatyoudid butwhatyoufound Achronologicalaccountofyouractivitiesmayformpartofyourdiscussionofyourmethodology butitisnotthesameasaresearchreport Section7 discussion discussfindingscommentinaspeculativeway aboutwhattheyhavedoneinvolvessummarizing particularlyifthepaperisalongoneinvolvestalkingaboutwhatneedstobedoneorwhatthenextstepintheresearchwillbe Section7 discussion involvescommentingonthesignificanceoftheprojectandfindings highlighting butnotoverstating whatissuggestedbyyourfindingsthatisimportantandnews whatsociolinguistsknownowthatweneededtoknowanddidnotknowbefore Itisimportanttoshowthatyouareawareofwhatstillneedstobedone butdonotmaketoostrongacaseforthelimitationsofyourproject Thegrammarofparticularity notclaimingmorethanyoumeantoclaimandofencouragingreaderstohearthevoicesofthepeopleyoustudied Thegrammarofparticularity a1 Mrs Blairusesnonstandardformsrarely b1 Mrs Blairusednonstandardformsrarely a2 Incasualconversation womenareinterruptedmorethanmen b2 Incasualconversation womenwereinterruptedmorethanmen Whichoneisbetter Thegrammarofparticularity Asyoucansee thepresent tenseversionsmakesubtleclaimstogeneralitywhilethepast tenseversionsdonot Andthenarrativepasttensehelpskeepremindingreaders andourselves thatwearetalkingaboutaparticularstudy whichtakeplaceinaparticularplaceandtime Thegrammaro