英语专业的毕业论文正文.doc

西安思源学院本科毕业论文（设计）CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1.1 About the authorThe love story was written by William Shakespeare (1564-1615).He was an English dramatist and poet, generally regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets in his lifetime. His imagination, his richness of language and his deep understanding of human behaviors had made him universally known and loved. His influence on English literature and on the writers of other countries is immense.When he was seven, he went to a grammar school. But at the age of fourteen, he had to be a schoolmaster to help support his family because of the decline of his family. After arriving in London, he was connected with drama. He used blank verse to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely. He wrote so many famous works, such as Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, King Lear and so on.Shakespeare was one of the founders of realism in world literature. He was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the nineteenth century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeares genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called bardolatry. In the twentieth century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remained highly popular today and were constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptations. His long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired made him a master hand for playwriting. He was a great master of the English language. He was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, both of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeares.1.2 About the play The story took place in Verona city. There were two huge family groups, the Montague family and the Capulet family. The aroused a series of new struggles. Nevertheless, they gave birth to a pair of unfortunate lovers. “She is the pearl of the sky to land the world!” Romeo described Juliet like this. They fell in love with each other deeply at the first sight. In the garden, with the moonlight, they expressed their love. The got marry secretly. No one would have thought that after a few hours they would depart. Romeo was to be banished because he killed Juliets cousin who killed Romeos good friend. Juliet was in great sorrow. She was forced to marry another one. That night Romeo secretly climbed Juliets room. It seemed to be a farewell. He had to leave in the morning. It was never hoped the arrival of the dawn. Before got marry Juliet took the sleeping death medicine following the advice of a priest named Friar Lawrence who sent a letter to Romeo to tell the fact. Nevertheless Romeo didnt receive the message. With grief and madness, with poison, he came to the tomb. Because he thought Juliet had already been dead, he took the poison. Just at this moment Juliet woke up. Seeing her husbands death, Juliet suicided at once. When the priest Friar Lawrence told their loving story to their family members, the two families finally broke their barriers. They turned their conflicts and hatred into friendship. A golden status was set up to memory their great love.CHAPTER ROMEO AND JULIETS CHARACTERS2.1 Juliets charactersThe daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet. A beautiful thirteen-year-old girl, Juliet begins the play as a nave child who has thought little about love and marriage, but she grows up quickly upon falling in love with Romeo, the son of her familys great enemy. Because she is a girl in an aristocratic family, she has none of the freedom. Romeo has to roam around the city, climb over walls in the middle of the night, or get into swordfights. Nevertheless, she shows amazing courage in trusting her entire life and future to Romeo, even refusing to believe the worst reports about him after he gets involved in a fight with her cousin. Juliets closest friend and confidant is her nurse, though shes willing to shut the Nurse out of her life because the Nurse turns against Romeo. 2.2 Romeos charactersThe son and heir of Montague and Lady Montague. A young man of about sixteen, Romeo is handsome, intelligent, and sensitive. Though impulsive and immature, his idealism and passion make him an extremely likable character. He lives in the middle of a violent feud between his family and the Capulets, but he is not at all interested in violence. His only interest is love. At the beginning of the play he is madly in love with a woman named Rosaline, but the instant he lays eyes on Juliet, he falls in love with her and forgets Rosaline. Thus, Shakespeare gives us every reason to question how real Romeos new love is, but Romeo goes to extremes to prove the seriousness of his feelings. He secretly marries Juliet, the daughter of his fathers worst enemy; he happily takes abuse from Tybalt; he would rather die than live without his beloved. Romeo is also an affectionate and devoted friend to his relative Benvolio, Mercutio, and Friar Lawrence. CHAPTER THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE LOVE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET3.1 Social and family causes3.1.1 Customs at that timeRomeo and Juliet is the most famous love story in the English literary tradition. The drama reflects the characteristics of William Shakespeares period. Romeo and Juliets love is full of renaissance humanists of romantic emotional appeal.Love is naturally the plays dominant and most important theme. The play focuses on romantic love, specifically the intense passion that springs up at first sight between Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, love is a violent, ecstatic, overpowering force that supersedes all other values, loyalties, and emotions. In the course of the play, the young lovers are driven to defy their entire social world: families (“Deny thy father and refuse thy name,” Juliet asks, “Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, / And Ill no longer be a Capulet”); friends (Romeo abandons Mercutio and Benvolio after the feast in order to go to Juliets garden); and ruler (Romeo returns to Verona for Juliets sake after being exiled by the Prince on pain of death in 2.1.7678). Love is the overriding theme of the play, but a reader should always remember that Shakespeare is uninterested in portraying a prettied-up, dainty version of the emotion, the kind that bad poets write about, and whose bad poetry Romeo reads while pining for Rosaline. Love in Romeo and Juliet is a brutal, powerful emotion that captures individuals and catapults them against their world, and, at times, against themselves.The powerful nature of love can be seen in the way it is described, or, more accurately, the way descriptions of it so consistently fail to capture its entirety. At times love is described in the terms of religion, as in the fourteen lines when Romeo and Juliet first meet. At others it is described as a sort of magic: “Alike bewitchd by the charm of looks” (2.Prologue.6). Juliet, perhaps, most perfectly describes her love for Romeo by refusing to describe it: “But my true love is grown to such excess / I cannot sum up some of half my wealth” (3.1.3334). Love, in other words, resists any single metaphor because it is too powerful to be so easily contained or understood.Romeo and Juliet does not make a specific moral statement about the relationships between love and society, religion, and family; rather, it portrays the chaos and passion of being in love, combining images of love, violence, death, religion, and family in an impressionistic rush leading to the plays tragic conclusion.3.1.2 The feud between the two familiesMuch of Romeo and Juliet involves the lovers struggles against public and social institutions that either explicitly or implicitly oppose the existence of their love. Such structures range from the concrete to the abstract: families and the placement of familial power in the father; law and the desire for public order; religion; and the social importance placed on masculine honor. These institutions often come into conflict with each other. The importance of honor, for example, time and again results in brawls that disturb the public peace.Though they do not always work in concert, each of these social institutions in some way present obstacles for Romeo and Juliet. The enmity between their families, coupled with the emphasis placed on loyalty and honor to kin, combine to create a profound conflict for Romeo and Juliet, who must rebel against their heritages. Further, the patriarchal power structure inherent in Renaissance families, where in the father controls the action of all other family members, particularly women, places Juliet in an extremely vulnerable position. Her heart, in her familys mind, is not hers to give. The law and the emphasis on social civility demands terms of conduct with which the blind passion of love cannot comply. Religion similarly demands priorities that Romeo and Juliet cannot abide by because of the intensity of their love. Though in most situations the lovers uphold the traditions of Christianity (they wait to marry before consummating their love), their love is so powerful that they begin to think of each other in blasphemous terms. For example, Juliet calls Romeo “the god of my idolatry,” elevating Romeo to level of God (2.1.156). The couples final act of suicide is likewise un-Christian. The maintenance of masculine honor forces Romeo to commit actions he would prefer to avoid. But the social emphasis placed on masculine honor is so profound that Romeo cannot simply ignore them.It is possible to see Romeo and Juliet as a battle between the responsibilities and actions demanded by social institutions and those demanded by the private desires of the individual. Romeo and Juliets appreciation of night, with its darkness and privacy, and their renunciation of their names, with its attendant loss of obligation, make sense in the context of individuals who wish to escape the public world. But the lovers cannot stop the night from becoming day. And Romeo cannot cease being a Montague simply because he wants to; the rest of the world will not let him. The lovers suicides can be understood as the ultimate night, the ultimate privacy.3.2 The Mercutios death3.2.1 The Mercutios death and consequences Mercutio, Romeos best friend, is a bit eccentric and enjoys having a good time. Killed by Tabalt in a duel, he is quite a courageous character who remains faithful to Romeo. Pushed by passion, he fought with Tabalt for Romeo, who is the person that Tabalt wants and yet Romeo doesnt want to fight. Before the duel, Mercutio has fierce dialogues with Tabalt, from which, we can see the angry feeling in their hearts. The duel is irresistible. In Act Three, Scene One, Tabalt and Mercutio are taunting each other. When Romeo enters, Tabalt tries to provoke him, but Romeo who has just married Tablets cousin Juliet, refused to be provoked. Mercutio, angered by Romeos submissiveness, provokes Tybalt, and the two get into a fight. In an attempt to restore peace, Romeo throws himself between the combatants, which lead to Tytalt killing Mercutio and Romeo killing Tytalt later after. Realizing his friend death, Romeo loses his consciousness and the angry fire of avenge for his friend is blaming in his heart, which results in his killing Tybalt impulsively. At that time, he never considers his hasty behavior will bury his love and Juliet to be an empty dream. Whats worse, he could never expect Juliet is forced to marry Paris two days after his banishment and Juliets pretending to die which he knows nothing about the plan. Therefore, he killed himself when seeing Juliet lying in the tomb. Were it not for his friends fight and death, the story that follows would not happen and the two lovers may find a solution to their families permission. If so, a love comedy will come out into the world instead of a tragedy.CHAPTER OTHER OCCASIONAL FACTERS FOR THE LOVE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET4.1 Juliets suicideAs for Juliets death, several persons are responsible for it, like her parents, the nurse, Friar Lawrence and her own character. In the play we can conclude that Juliet is estranged from her parents and is on intimate terms with the nurse, and therefore, when her father forces her to marry the Duke the day after Romeos exile and after the nurse betrays her, she has no choice but to turn to the cleric Friar Lawrence for help. Friar is a kindhearted cleric who helps Romeo and Juliet throughout the play. He performs their marriage and gives generally good advice, especially in regard to the need for moderation. But Friar Lawrence is also the most scheming and political of characters in the play: he marries Romeo and Juliet as part of a plan to end the civil strife in Verona; he spirits Romeo into Juliets room and then out of Verona; he devises the plan to reunite Romeo and Juliet through the deceptive ruse of the sleeping potion. Though Friar Lawrences plans all seem well conceived and well intentioned, they serve as the main mechanisms through which the fated tragedy of the play occurs. Readers should recognize that Friar is not only subject to the fate that dominates the playin many ways he brings that fate about. On the other hand, Juliets character is doomed to the tragedy of her death in that she has grown into a self-determined, strong and sober-minded woman from an obedient, sheltered, nave child during the days she gets along with Romeo. (to nurse)“Well, thou hast comforted me marvelous much / Go in; and tell my lady I am gone / having displeasd my father, to Lawrence cell / to make confession and to be absolvd.” Romeo and Juliet, Act ,Scene VOn hearing the news that she is going to be married to the Duke, she immediately seeks solutions from Friar Lawrence instead of complaining or crying doing nothing. When Friar claimed he had got a solution, she cried out surprisingly, “O, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris / From off the battlements of yonder tower / Or walk in thievish ways; or bid me lurk / Where serpents are; chain me with roaring bears / Or shut me nightly in a charnel-house / Oer-coverd quite with dead mens rattling bones / With reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls / Or bid me go into a new-made grave / And hide me with a dead man in his shroud / Things that, to hear them told, have made me tremble / And I will do it without fear or doubt / To live an unstaind wife to my sweet love” Romeo and Juliet, Act ,Scene V, and after Friar brought about the idea of drinking potion and the whole plan, Juliet said, “Give me, give me! O, tell not me of fear!”(Friar) “Hold; get you gone, be strong and prosperous/in this resolve: Ill send a friar with speed / To Mantua, with my letters to thy lord.” (Juliet) “Love gives me strength! And strength shall help afford.” Romeo and Juliet, Act ,Scene VFrom this we can see, she has more faith to love than to death. It is no wonder when she wakes up only to find Romeos dead body and commits suicide immediately. Love gives her strength and her loyalty composes a paean of love.4.2 Romeos rashIn the play Romeo and Juliet, Romeos actions are rash throughout the play. For example, Romeo does not consider the consequences of his actions when he insists on marrying Juliet. Also, Romeo shows rashness when he kills Tybalt. Finally, Romeo is rash when he kills himself. One of Romeos acts that shows his rashness is his marrying Juliet. After Juliet says that she does not want to marry Romeo, he persists and says that he wants “The exchange of thy loves faithful vow for mine” Romeo and Juliet, 2.2.134. Romeo does not consider the consequences of their marriage. He simply wants his wish to be fulfilled. He is rash because he wants to rush into a marriage for which he is not ready. Romeos rashness persists throughout the play and leads to his downfall. Another example of Romeos rash personality is when he kills Tybalt. At the beginning of the fighting between Tybalt and Mercutio, Romeos best friend, Romeo was trying his best to stop the two and had no any idea of getting involved it. Seeing Mercutios death, nevertheless, great sadness grasped him and drew him into madness, which lead to the duel with Tybalt, who was killed under Romeos blindness with anger and hate. “Alive in triumph / and Mercutio slain / Away to heaven respective lenity / And fire-eyd fury be my conduct now!” Romeo and Juliet, ACT III. scene From his words we can conclude he brought the duel to life and death.A third rash act lies in his killing himself after seeing his “dead” wife. In fact, he had made his mind to commit suicide by taking poison with him after hearing the news of his wifes death. Therefore, when he saw Juliet lying on the cold tomb lonely, he made away with himself by drinking poison to be together with his wife in another world. “O, here / Will I set up my everlasting rest / and shake the yoke of inauspicious stars / from this world-wearied flesh. Eyes look your last! / Arms, take your last embrace / and, lips, O you / The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss / A dateless bargain to engrossing death!” Romeo and Juliet, Act , scene . Until then, the tragedy was eventually created a few minutes later when Juliet was back to life and to find her lord was dead. If Romeo was not s