Book4_U1_Grammarandusage.doc

第 5 页 共 5 页Unit 1 AdvertisingGrammar and usage本堂课是以让学生辨识直接引语和间接引语，如何将陈述句、疑问句、祈使句改为间接引语等为主的语法课。语法课的教学目标包括帮助学生理解并掌握比较人、物体及事物的表达方式；也包括使用适当的语言形式进行描述和表达观点、态度和情感等语言基础知识。当然，语法教学不能让学生死记枯燥的规则。教师必须创设具体语境，让学生在真实的语言情景中学习，在语境中学会运用规则。Teaching aims: 1. Get to learn the difference between direct speech and reported speech or indirect; 2. Learn how to use change direct speech into indirect speech in different tenses; 3. Learn to use indirect speech in statements, questions and imperative sentences.Teaching procedures:Step 1 Lead-in The short dialogue is used to tell students what direct and reported or indirect speech are. T: What did you eat this morning?Tom: I ate .T：What did Tom say, Jack?Jack: He said he ate .Step 2 Look and seechanges in sentence structureFirst ask students to compare the sentences in direct speech and in reported speech, and find the difference between them. Let students learn that we can change direct speech into indirect speech by changing what has been said to an object clause or an infinitive phrase. 1. Which one is direct speech and which one is reported speech? He said, I will go to school tomorrow. She told us something secret.2. Change the direct speech into reported speech. She said, This film is quite interesting. Finish the project tomorrow. he said to me.Step 3 Look and seechanges in personal pronouns and tenses.Let students learn the changes in personal pronouns and tenses. What should we pay attention to?personal pronouns and tensese.g. Miss Yang said, I will buy a new dress. Miss Yang said that she would buy a new dress. Ex. Simon said, I wrote a letter.How to change the tense? Have a look.Direct speechReported speechDirect speechReported speechSimple presentSimple pastSimple futureFuture in the pastPresent continuousPast continuousPast perfectPast perfectSimple pastPast perfectPresent perfect continuousPast perfect continuousPresent perfectPast perfectStep 4 Practice 1Ask students to change the three sentences into indirect speech. 【设计说明】通过操练三个句子，检测学生对人称代词和时态变化的掌握情况，并加以巩固。1 I havent brought my dictionary, the student said.The student said that he hadnt brought his dictionary.2 Tom said to them, I will get excited.Tom told them that he would get excited.3 My father said to me, I am reading the book.My father told me that he was reading the book.Step 5 Look and seechanges in adverbials of time and placeIntroduce to students example of changes in adverbials of time and place by means of sample sentences and the table.【设计说明】引入新的规则，即时间和地点状语的变化。Direct speechReported speechtodaythat day/yesterday/on Wednesday, ect.tomorrowthe next day/the following day/on Thursday, ect.yesterdaythe day before/the previous day/on Tuesday, ect.next monththe month after /the following month/in July, ect.last yearthe year before/ the previous year, ect.a week agoa week before/ a week earlier,ect. What should we pay attention to?1 personal pronouns and tense2 adverbials of time and placee.g: He said, I lost a key here yesterday. He said that he had lost a key there the day before/the previous day.Ex. I read the book here a week ago. Jane said to him.Jane told him that she had read the book there a week before.Step 6 Practice 2Again, ask students to change three sentences into reported speech.【设计说明】再次当堂操练，帮助学生体会时间和地点状语的变化，并进一步巩固时态和人称代词的变化。1. I will come and see you again this evening, Tom. he said.He told Tom that he would go and see him again that evening.2 .I will come here again today, she said.She said that shed go there again that day.3. The doctor said to the patient, You will have to wait till 3 pm tomorrow.The1 doctor told the patient that he would have to wait till 3 pm the next day.Step 7 Look and seechanges in other casesUse the table to show some more examples of the changes that take place when we change direct speech into reported speech and also tell students some special cases.this-that these-those come-go1.直接引语中的谓语动词为一般过去时，如与一个表示过去的时间（入1992， last week）连用，在变为间接引语时可以不变。My father said to me, “I read the book in 1986”My father told me he read the book in 1986.2. 直接引语表达的意思是客观真理时，在变为间接引语时时态不变。The geography teacher said to us, “The earth goes around the sun.”The geography teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.Step 8 Complete the memo Ask students to finish the Ex. on Page 9. and check the answers in class.【设计说明】这一练习的设计，为学生提供了真实的语言环境，让学生在语境中运用和体会本堂课所学的各种变化形式。Possible answers:(1) was (2) wouldnt (3) had read(4)that (5)would (6) had bought(7) that (8) would (9) those(10) Her (11) was (12) was going to read Step 9 How to use reported speech to reportStudents learn how to use reported speech to report in statements, yes/no questions, wh-questions and imperative sentences in this part.【设计说明】通过讲练法让学生学会在陈述句、疑问句和祈使句中的具体用法。用例句为学生创设语境。statementsquestionsimperative sentencesShe said, Ads are an important part of our lives.She said that ads are an important part of our lives.There are two main types of ads, the writer said to us.The writer told us that there are two main types of ads.*More reporting words:PSAs are often placed for free, the writer said.The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.1Tom suggested that we should translate the book into English. Tom said, Youd better translate the book into English.2The student explained that he really didnt know he had to finish the work a week before.The student said, I really dont know I must finish the work a week ago.3The teacher promised that he would give his students a few holidays at the end of that month.The teacher said, I will give my students a few holidays at the end of this month. We use noun clauses introduced by whether/if to report yes/no-questions.Are all ads playing tricks on us? I asked her.I asked her whether/if all ads were playing tricks on us.*We use noun clauses introduced by wh-words to report wh-questions.I asked her, How can that be true?I asked her how that could be true.“Where did you find the ads for jobs abroad? Bill asked.Bill asked where I had found the ads for jobs abroad.1My mother asked me, Do you want to go to the Great Wall with me?My mother asked me whether I wanted to go to the Great Wall with her.2The teacher asked the boy, How many pages have you read today?The teacher asked the boy how many pages he had read that day.3I asked Li Ying, Where and when were you born? I asked Li Ying where and when he was born. To report imperative sentences, we use the structure: reporting verb+object+(not)+to-infinitive.Dont worry, Mickey, Jen said. Jen asked Mickey not to worry.*other verbs can be used in this structureadvise encourage invite remind w