M5 U1 Grammar学案.doc

备课时间2014年 8 月 29日上课时间第 周 周 月 日 课题名称Unit1 grammar (1)课型新授课课时No.1【学习目标】Help the students learn how to use infinitive and verb-ing form as a noun.【学习重点】the use of infinitive and verb-ing form as a noun.【学习难点】Use the usages into practice.【学法指导】Review , practice and read.课中合作探究 【导学过程】（学习方式，学习内容，学习程序，问题）个案补充展示导思一、动词不定式是一种非谓语形式，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。如to do，to become等。动词不定式仍保留原来动词的一些特征，如可有自己的宾语、状语、表语等，它们一起构成动词不定式短语，如to do work，to study English hard。可有一般、完成、进行等时态以及主动、被动等语态。现以study为例，列表如下：语态时态主动被动一般时to study to be studied完成式to have studiedto have been studied进行式来源:Zxxk.Comto be studying/二不定式结构的用法动词不定式和不定式短语在句中除了不能作谓语外，可以作任何成分（可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语）。作主语。（1）不定式做主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。 To find a good job is not easy now. 当今找工作可真是不容易。 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.汉语： 。 学着为我们的未来制定合理的计划非常重要。英语： 。 （2）动词不定式短语做主语时，句子往往出现头重脚轻的情况。为了保持句子平衡，这一主语往往用形式主语it 代替，而把真正主语放到后面。因此，上面三句可分别改成：= . = . = .做宾语。不定式做宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式”。(1) 及物动词+带to的不定式结构：只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：ask, aim, agree, afford, care, decide, demand, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, promise, happen, determine等。To our surprise, he managed to solve the complicated problem。 ,他居然设法解决了那个复杂的问题。(2)动词+疑问代（副）词+不定式。这类动词常见的有：advise,decide,discuss,forget,know,learn,regard,remember,see,teach,wonder等。常用的疑问代（副）词有what, when, where, which, how, whether等，但不用why. 总统想知道该如何处理目前的状况。The President wondered the present situation. It is you that can decide whether to continue or to stop. . (3) 有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。可以用这一结构：动词（find, think, feel）+it+形容词+不定式，it作形式宾语。 I once thought it impossible for us to finish the job in such a limited time.我一度认为我们在如此有限的时间内完成这项工作室不可能的。 由于噪音，我们发现很难让大家听到我们的声音。We because of the noise.做宾语补足语。有些及物动词除要求一个宾语外，还要求一成分做补充说明，这样这个宾语的行为、状态、特征等意思才相对完整，这个成分称为补足语。常见的有：advise, know, allow, believe, consider, force, want, persuade等。 We cantt depend on him to help finish the work. 。 我们把她看做我的一个好朋友。We my best friend.作定语.不定式做定语时须放在被修饰的名词、代词或短语之后。常见的要求不定式做后置定语的名词和代词有：ability, pity, plan, anxiety, chance, pleasure, refusal, honor, determination等。His attempt to solve the difficult problem failed again. . 有许多问题需要解决。 。注意：（1）有时序数词first, second以及last, only, best与定冠词the连用也常要求不定式做定语。 这是关于这个主题今年面世的最好的书。 This is to appear this. He is always the first to come and the last to leave. .(2)不定式做定语，它和它所修饰的词有时在意义上时动宾关系，所以，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟必要的介词。 请给我一些写字用的纸。Please give me some paper to write on.难道这是可骄傲的事吗？Is this something to be proud of ?5. 作表语。表语在系动词之后，说明或解释主语的内容，也可表示将来的动作。 He is training to be a national athlete. . 我们应该意识到得是尽可能保护我们的地球。 What we should realize is .6. 作状语。不定式做状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常表示目的、原因、结果、程度等。 They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area. (原因). . 为了掌握英语，你必须在上面花大力气。 ，you must spend much effort on it.(目的) 现在说什么都晚了。It is too late to say anything about it now.7. 不带to的动词不定式。(1) 有些及物动词的复合宾语中作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。这些动词往往是一些表示感觉的动词，如：feel, hear, see, watch, observe, notice, listen to, look at等，和使役动词，如let，make，have等。 Did you notice him leave the house?你注意到他离开那所房子了吗？我经常听他发誓说他要努力学习。 。 注意：当这类结构转移为被动语态时，不定式的符号to一般要补充上去。(2) 在had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but, cant help but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。(3) 在介词but，except之后，如果其前有实义动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。 你需要做的事情就是等待恰当的机会。All is wait for the right opportunity. I did nothing but watch TV last night.8.动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态。一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to become a university student in two years.（to become发生在hope之后） .We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting. . We are too young to have seen the old society. .进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. 看上去，他们正在讨论什么重要的事情。They are seemed . (2)语态。如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) (二)动名词与其短语的构成。 一、动名词是另一种非谓语形式，由动词原形+-ing构成，没有人称和数的变化，但有语态变化，并有一般式和完成式。语态时态主动被动一般式doingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done二、动名词（短语）的用法。 动名词（短语）在句中的作用类似于名词，可作主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语和定语等。1.做主语。动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。 Reading is an art. 。 It is no use crying over a spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶哭泣的没有用的。2.做宾语。（1）作谓语动词的宾语。以下词只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, mind,等。如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. （2）作介词的宾语。动词的-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关，常见的几种搭配形式有：We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.(动词+介词结构) Our chemistry teacher has a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.(名词+介词结构) I am tired of having the same food every day.(形容词+介词结构)（3）部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, need, require, want等。 另，在need, require, want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。（4）advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。（5）部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。如：forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生；mean to do 、mean doing ；try to do 设法尽力做某事/ try doing ；stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）/stop doing 停止做某事 ；cant help doing 禁不住/cant help to do ；go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 / go on doing 继续不停地做某事。3.做定语。动名词做定语，往往表示被修饰词的用途、功能、作用。 a walking stick= a stick for walking a washing machine= a machine for washing 4.动名词的时态、语态 (1)时态。一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如：We are interested in collecting stamps. /I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. 完成式：所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： Imagine having travelled on the moon. 。(2)被动语态。 如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如： The young man came in without being noticed. He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： The bike needs repairing. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 课堂自主检测从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. She said she_ her uncle very much and hoped _him. A. missed, to hear from B. missed, to hear C. misses, hearing from D. misses, hearing2. _a living, she had to work from morning till night. A. To make B. made C. Making D. To have made3. Mrs Brown regretted_ his son. A. beated B. beating C. beat D. beaten4. I often hear him _about the great writer. A. to talk B. talk C. speaking D. to tell5. Missing the last bus means_ home.A. to walk B. walking C. walked D. walk6. Paul doesnt have to be made_ . He always works hard. A. study B. to study C. studied D. studying7. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports starts. A. had B. having C. to have D. have8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not9. I didnt hear you come in last night. Thats good. We tire