水处理残留物（WTR）覆盖的木料覆盖物外文文献

Water treatment residual WTR coated wood mulch for alleviation of toxic metals and phosphorus from polluted urban stormwater runoff Hanieh Soleimanifar a Yang Denga Laying Wub Dibyendu Sarkarc aDepartment of Earth and Environmental Studies Montclair State University CELS 220 1 Normal Ave Montclair NJ 07042 United States bMicroscopy and Microanalysis Research Laboratory Montclair State University CELS 100B 1 Normal Ave Montclair NJ 07042 United States cDepartment of Civil Environmental and Ocean Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology Castle Point on Hudson Hoboken NJ 07030 United States h i g h l i g h t sg r a p h i c a la b s t r a c t Watertreatmentresidual WTR coated mulches were synthesized for runoff treatment Heavy metals and phosphorus were effectively adsorbed on the active WTR coat The WTR adsorption was a 2nd order reactionwithrespecttoeach pollutant Leachingofhazardouschemicals from spent WTR coated mulches was insignifi cant WTR coated mulches provide a new approach to reuse WTRs an indus trial waste a r t i c l e i n f o Article history Received 23 February 2016 Received in revised form 21 March 2016 Accepted 22 March 2016 Available online 6 April 2016 Handling Editor Shane Snyder Keywords Urban stormwater pollutants Toxic metals Phosphorus Water treatment residuals Wood mulch Adsorption a b s t r a c t Aluminum based water treatment residual WTR coated wood mulches were synthesized and tested for removal of heavy metals and phosphorus P in synthetic urban stormwater WTRs are an industrial waste produced from coagulation in water treatment facilities primarily composed of amorphous aluminum or iron hydroxides Batch tests showed that the composite fi lter media could effectively adsorb 97 lead Pb 76 zinc Zn 81 copper Cu and 97 P from the synthetic stormwater Pb 100mg L Zn 800mg L Cu 100mg L P 2 30 mg L and pH 7 0 within 120 min due to the presence of aluminum hydroxides as an active adsorbent The adsorption was a 2nd order reaction with respect toward each pollutant Column tests demonstrated that the WTR coated mulches considerably alleviated the select pollutants under a continuous fl ow condition over the entire fi ltration period The effl uent Pb Zn Cu and P varied at 0 5e8 9 33 4e46 7 45 8e55 8 and 6 4e51 9 of their respective initial concentrations with the increasing bed volume from 0 to 50 Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure SPLP and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure TCLP tests indicated that leached contaminants were all below the U S criteria suggesting that the release of undesired chemicals under rainfall or landfi lling conditions is not a concern during application This study demonstrates that the WTR coated mulches are a new low cost and effective fi lter media for urban stormwater treatment Equally important this study provides a sustainable approach to benefi cially reuse an industrial waste for environmental pollution control 2016 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved Corresponding author E mail address dengy mail montclair edu Y Deng Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemosphere journal homepage http dx doi org 10 1016 j chemosphere 2016 03 101 0045 6535 2016 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved Chemosphere 154 2016 289e292 1 Introduction Low impact development LID techniques are encouraged to manageurbanstromwater NewYorkCityEnvironmental Protection 2012 One such example is bioretention basins utiliz ing soil retention to remove pollutants and allow for infi ltration Hsieh and Davis 2005 However pollutants infi ltrating into soil and groundwater may cause subsurface contamination and toxic metal accumulation requires periodic replacement of top soil making operation and maintenance more complex and costly Weiss et al 2008 Additionally phosphorus P removal in LID systems is highly unstable and occasionally negative Wu et al 1996 Dietz and Clausen 2006 These issues need to be addressed Recently water treatment residuals WTRs have been studied for stromwater treatment Deng et al 2012 O Neill and Davis 2012 WTRs are an industrial waste produced from coagulation in water treatment primarily composed of amorphous Al or Fe hydroxides capable of adsorbing various pollutants Makris et al 2004 Application of WTRs as a fi lter media remains challenging because they readily clog to prevent water infi ltration On the other hand wood mulch is a common surface layer with multiple func tions e g moisture conservation and erosionprevention Turgeon et al 2009 Although mulches can adsorb certain metals to a de gree Jang et al 2005 they are not comparable with WTRs in terms of adsorption capacity based on the literature data Chiang et al 2012 In this study we synthesized and tested wood mulches coated with WTRs for stormwater treatment Our objec tive was to evaluate the technical feasibility of WTR coated wood mulches for alleviation of heavy metals and phosphorus in urban stormwater 2 Materials and method Al based WTRs were provided from the Raritan Millstone Wa ter Treatment Plant Bridgewater New Jersey USA They were thoroughly mixed air dried sieved through a 2 mm sieve and ground into powders Wood mulches were purchased from the Home Depot cedar mulch Oldcastle Lawn H 15 cm were loaded with 5 cm high WTR coated mulches A peristaltic pump Reglo Digital MS 4 8 ISMATEC was used to continuously feed the columns with the runoff 21 mL min through a shower head Mulch morphology was determined with a Hitachi Se3400N SEM SEM samples were coated with a thin layer of carbon fi lm prior to the SEM analysis Standard Method 3050B was used to determine Al content of the WTRs USEPA 1996 Before water analyses 5 mL sample was fi ltered through 0 45mm cellulose ni trate membranes Metals were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy ICP MS Thermo X Series II XO 472 Phosphorus was spectrophotometrically measured using HACH test kits acid persulfate digestion Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure SPLP and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure TCLP tests with unused or spent coated mulches fol lowed the EPA SW 846 Methods 1312 and 1311 respectively All the data presented in the fi gures are the mean values of triplicates And their relative standard deviations were Pb Cu in agreement with the aforementioned order in terms of adsorption capacity In contrast the effl uent P exhibited a different removal pattern It rapidly increased from 6 4 to 51 9 of the initial P with an increasing BV from 1 to 16 As BV further increased to 36 the effl uent P gradually dropped to 34 7 Thereafter it almost stabilized until BV reached 50 The overall P removal was estimated at 0 67 mg cm depth coated mulch Previous studies demonstrated that the metal and phosphorus adsorption on aluminum hydroxides was a rapid pro cess but additional slow uptake occurred over hours or days which wascontrolledbytheintraparticlediffusioninmicropores 5e20 Sposito 1995 Makris et al 2004 Therefore the addi tional removals are expected during the long term application of WTR coated mulches though the hydraulic detention time through a mulch layer is short Finally SPLP and TCLP tests with unused or spent coated mulches were performed separately The spent mulch was collected from the above column tests SPLP is a standard EPA method to determine the leaching potential of waste under a simulated exposure to rainfall environment And the TCLP test simulates a typical municipal landfi ll condition to quantify chemi cal leaching from the waste and determines whether wastes can be disposed of as non hazardous wastes in municipal landfi lls Results are summarized in Table 1 The leached contaminants were all below the U S SPLP and TCLP criteria suggesting that the release of undesired chemicals under rainfall or landfi lling conditions is not a concern 4 Conclusions Batch and column tests both showed a high potential of WTR coated mulches for alleviation of metals and P from urban runoff The new low cost and effective fi lter media utilizes complemen tary advantages of two materials i e the adsorption capability of WTRs and the good permeability of mulches It can be readily combined with LID infi ltration systems or independently used off line or on line and also provides a sustainable approach to benefi cially reuse an industrial wasteto for non point water pollution control Acknowledgements This research was fi nancially supported by New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute NJWRRI Project ID 2014NJ357B Soleimanifar was supported through Montclair State University Doctoral Assistantship Mr Anthony Matarazzo in American Water Corp is greatly appreciated for providing WTRs for this study References Bohn H L McNeal B L O Connor G A 1985 Soil Chemistry A Wiley Interscience Publication John Wiley and Sons New York Chiang Y W Ghyselbrecht K Santos R M Martens J A Swennen R Cappuyns V Meesschaert B 2012 Adsorption of multi heavy metals onto water treatment residuals sorption capacities and applications Chem Eng J 200 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