● Major Writers 3-The Romantic Period [SIMPLIFIED].doc

The Romantic PeriodI. Romantic PoetsA. 华兹华斯 Wordsworth, William (1770.4.7,英格兰 坎伯兰 科克茅斯1850.4.23,威斯特摩兰 雷达尔芒特) born April 7, 1770, Cockermouth, Cumberland, Eng.died April 23, 1850, Rydal Mount, WestmorlandEnglish poet.Orphaned at age 13, Wordsworth attended Cambridge University, but he remained rootless and virtually penniless until 1795, when a legacy made possible a reunion with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. He became friends with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, with whom he wrote Lyrical Ballads (1798), the collection often considered to have launched the English Romantic movement. Wordsworths contributions include Tintern Abbey and many lyrics controversial for their common, everyday language. About 1798 he began writing The Prelude (1850), the epic autobiographical poem that would absorb him intermittently for the next 40 years. His second verse collection, Poems, in Two Volumes (1807), includes many of the rest of his finest works, including Ode: Intimations of Immortality. His poetry is perhaps most original in its vision of the organic relation between man and the natural world, a vision that culminated in the sweeping metaphor of nature as emblematic of the mind of God. The most memorable poems of his middle and late years were often cast in elegaic mode; few match the best of his earlier works. By the time he became widely appreciated by the critics and the public, his poetry had lost much of its force and his radical politics had yielded to conservatism. In 1843 he became Englands poet laureate. He is regarded as the central figure in the initiation of English Romanticism.英国诗人。13岁时成为孤儿。进入剑桥大学学习，但仍生计无着，一文不名。直到1795年获得一笔遗产才和妹妹重聚。他与T.柯尔律治相遇，结成挚友，两人合写的抒情歌谣集(1798)促进了英国浪漫主义运动的兴起。诗集包括了华兹华斯的廷特恩教堂和其他抒情诗。他试图把中下层阶级的口语尽量用于表达诗的乐趣。1798年前后开始写自传诗；序曲于1805年完成初稿，1850年他去世时方才出版。他的第二本诗集诗二卷(1807)包括不朽的征兆和他多数最好的诗。其作品的主要主题是人与大自然的关系。他写出不少优秀作品。晚年诗人的想像力渐衰，缺乏早年的清新感，佳作渐少。1843年被封为桂冠诗人。他被认为是英国浪漫主义的中心人物。B. 柯尔律治 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772.10.21,英格兰 德文 奥特里圣玛丽1834.7.25,伦敦附近海格特) born Oct. 21, 1772, Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, Eng.died July 25, 1834, Highgate, near LondonEnglish poet, critic, and philosopher.Coleridge studied at the University of Cambridge, where he became closely associated with Robert Southey. In his poetry he perfected a sensuous lyricism that was echoed by many later poets. Lyrical Ballads (1798; with William Wordsworth), containing the famous Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Frost at Midnight, heralded the beginning of English Romanticism. Other poems in the “fantastical” style of the Mariner include the unfinished Christabel and the celebrated Pleasure Dome of Kubla Khan. While in a bad marriage and addicted to opium, he produced Dejection: An Ode (1802), in which he laments the loss of his power to produce poetry. Later, partly restored by his revived Anglican faith, he wrote Biographia Literaria, 2 vol. (1817), the most significant work of general literary criticism of the Romantic period. Imaginative and complex, with a unique intellect, Coleridge led a restless life full of turmoil and unfulfilled possibilities.英国诗人评论家和哲学家。在剑桥大学就读时与R.骚赛结为好友。他的诗使一种充满美感的抒情诗体得以完善，这种诗体常被后来的诗人模仿运用。1798年和华兹华斯合出了抒情歌谣集，其中包括著名的古舟子咏和午夜的森林，开创了英国文学史上浪漫主义的新时期。其他诗作包括克里斯特贝尔和未完成的忽必烈汗。在不幸的婚姻和沉溺于鸦片下写了沮丧(1802)，他在诗中哀叹自己创作诗的能力减退。后来，由于对英国国教信仰的苏醒有了部分恢复，他写下了文学传记(2卷，1817)，这是英国浪漫主义时期最重要的一部综合性文学评论著作。他富于想像，诗文复杂，加上独有的智慧，令他一生动荡不安，充满动乱和未能实现的潜力。 柯尔律治，油画，奥尔斯顿(Washington Allston)于1814年绘；现藏伦敦国立肖像画陈列馆。By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, LondonC. 拜伦 Byron, George (Gordon), Baron 又称拜伦勋爵(Lord Byron)。 (1788.1.22,英格兰 伦敦1824.4.19,希腊) known asLord Byronborn Jan. 22, 1788, London, Eng.died April 19, 1824, Missolonghi, GreeceBritish Romantic poet and satirist.Born with a clubfoot and extremely sensitive about it, he was 10 when he unexpectedly inherited his title and estates. Educated at Cambridge, he gained recognition with English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809), a satire responding to a critical review of his first published volume, Hours of Idleness (1807). At 21 he embarked on a European grand tour. Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (181218), a poetic travelogue expressing melancholy and disillusionment, brought him fame, while his complex personality, dashing good looks, and many scandalous love affairs, with women and with boys, captured the imagination of Europe. Settling near Geneva, he wrote the verse tale The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), a hymn to liberty and an indictment of tyranny, and Manfred (1817), a poetic drama whose hero reflected Byrons own guilt and frustration. His greatest poem, Don Juan (181924), is an unfinished epic picaresque satire in ottava rima. Among his numerous other works are verse tales and poetic dramas. He died of fever in Greece while aiding the struggle for independence, making him a Greek national hero.英国浪漫派诗人和讽刺作家。先天跛足，对此十分敏感，10岁时意外继承了爵位和产业。在剑桥大学受的教育，以讽刺诗英国诗人和苏格兰评论家(1809)受到注目，该诗是回应评论家对他第一部作品闲暇的时刻(1807)所作的评论。21岁时开始到欧洲旅行。沿途所见均写在恰尔德哈罗尔德游记(18121818)一诗中，该诗吐露了他的悲郁心情与幻想破灭，而他复杂的个性、外表风度翩翩以及许多爱情绯闻事件博得了欧洲人的好感。拜伦在日内瓦附近定居下来后，写了诗寓言希永之囚(1816)，是对自由的赞美和对暴政的控诉；还写了一部诗剧曼弗雷德(1817)，其主人翁反映了拜伦自己的内疚和挫折。他最伟大的诗篇唐璜(18191824)是用八行诗写的一部传奇式流浪冒险讽刺诗，生前未完成。在其他大量的作品中，还有诗寓言和诗剧。后来赴希腊协助希腊人为独立而奋斗，结果患热病而死，成为希腊的民族英雄。D. 雪莱 Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792.8.4,英格兰 萨塞克斯 霍舍姆附近的菲尔德庄园1822.7.8,托斯卡纳 里窝那外海) born Aug. 4, 1792, Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, Eng.died July 8, 1822, at sea off Livorno, TuscanyEnglish Romantic poet.Percy Bysshe Shelley, oil painting by Amelia Curran, 1819; in the National Portrait Gallery, LondonThe heir to rich estates, Shelley was a rebellious youth who was expelled from Oxford in 1811 for refusing to admit authorship of The Necessity of Atheism. Later that year he eloped with Harriet Westbrook, the daughter of a tavern owner. He gradually channeled his passionate pursuit of personal love and social justice into poetry. His first major poem, Queen Mab (1813), is a utopian political epic revealing his progressive social ideals. In 1814 he eloped to France with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (see Mary Shelley); in 1816, after Harriet drowned herself, they were married. In 1818 the Shelleys moved to Italy. Away from British politics, he became less intent on social reform and more devoted to expressing his ideals in poetry. He composed the verse tragedy The Cenci (1819) and his masterpiece, the lyric drama Prometheus Unbound (1820), which was published with some of his finest shorter poems, including Ode to the West Wind and To a Skylark. Epipsychidion (1821) is a Dantean fable about the relationship of sexual desire to spiritual love and artistic creation. Adonais (1821) commemorates the death of John Keats. Shelley drowned at age 29 while sailing in a storm off the Italian coast, leaving unfinished his last and possibly greatest visionary poem, The Triumph of Life.英国浪漫派诗人。作为大量财产的继承人，他是个叛逆的青年，1811年因拒绝承认是无神论的必要性一书的作者而被牛津大学开除。就在同年晚些时候，他与一个小旅馆老板的女儿海里霭威斯特布鲁克私奔。逐渐地，他把对个人爱情与社会正义的热烈追求转到诗歌创作中去。他的第一篇主要诗作仙后麦布(1813)是一部乌托邦式的政治史诗，表露出他进步的社会思想。1814年他与玛丽戈德温(参阅雪莱夫人Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft)一起私奔到法国；1816年海里霭投水身亡后，雪莱与玛丽戈德温结婚。1818年他们移居意大利。脱离了英国的政治，他较少关注社会的改革，而更致力于在诗歌中表达他的思想。他编写了诗歌悲剧钦契一家(1819)以及他的经典之作歌剧解放了的普罗米修斯(1820)，与他最好的一些较短的诗篇一起出版，包括西风颂和致云雀。埃皮普锡乞狄翁(1821)是一个关于性欲望、精神恋爱与艺术创作之间关系的但丁式寓言。阿多尼斯(1821)纪念济慈之死。雪莱在29岁时，乘船在意大利沿海航行，遭遇暴风雨溺水身亡，留下他未完成的最后一部，可能也是最伟大的一部幻想诗生命的凯旋。 雪莱，油画，库伦(Amelia Curran)绘于1819年；现藏伦敦国立肖像画陈列馆。By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, LondonE. 济慈 Keats, John (1795.10.31,英格兰 伦敦1821.2.23,教皇国 罗马) born Oct. 31, 1795, London, Eng.died Feb. 23, 1821, Rome, Papal StatesEnglish Romantic poet.The son of a livery-stable manager, he had a limited formal education. He worked as a surgeons apprentice and assistant for several years before devoting himself entirely to poetry at age 21. His first mature work was the sonnet On First Looking into Chapmans Homer (1816). His long Endymion appeared in the same year (1818) as the first symptoms of the tuberculosis that would kill him at age 25. During a few intense months of 1819 he produced many of his greatest works: several great odes (including Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn), two unfinished versions of the story of the titan Hyperion, and La Belle Dame Sans Merci. Most were published in the landmark collection Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820). Marked by vivid imagery, great sensuous appeal, and a yearning for the lost glories of the Classical world, his finest works are among the greatest of the English tradition. His letters are among the best by any English poet.英国浪漫主义诗人。马车行经理之子，受正规教育不多。当了几年外科医生的学徒和助手，21岁时完全投入诗歌创作。他的第一件成熟的作品是十四行诗初读查普曼译荷马史诗(1816)。25岁时差点死于肺结核，同年写成了长诗恩底弥翁(1818)。在1819年紧张的几个月里，写了许多他最好的作品：几首很好的颂歌(包括希腊古瓮、夜莺颂和秋颂)，关于巨人许佩里翁的故事的前两章以及无情的美人。大部分发表在里程碑式的诗集莱米亚、伊莎贝拉和圣爱格尼斯之夜和其他诗歌(1820)中。他的作品里充满了逼真的意象、极大的感性美以及对失去的古典世界的光辉的渴望，他的一些最佳作品已列入最伟大的英国传统文学中。他的书信是所有英国诗人所写的书信中最出色的。 济慈，油画，约瑟夫塞文绘于1821年；现藏伦敦国立肖像画陈列馆。By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, LondonII. Prose WritersA. 司各特 Scott, Walter 后称Sir Walter。 (1771.8.15,苏格兰 爱丁堡1832.9.21,罗克斯勃洛 阿伯茨福德) born Aug. 15, 1771, Edinburgh, Scot.died Sept. 21, 1832, Abbotsford, RoxburghScottish writer, often considered both the inventor and the greatest practitioner of the historical novel.From childhood Scott was familiar with stories of the Border region of Scotland. Apprenticed to his father, a lawyer, in 1786, he later became sheriff depute of Selkirk and clerk to the Court of Session in Edinburgh. His interest in border ballads led to the collection Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (180203). His first original poetic romance, The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), established his reputation; The Lady of the Lake (1810) was his most successful contribution to the genre. He produced editions of the works of John Dryden, 18 vol. (1808), and Jonathan Swift, 19 vol. (1814). Troubled with debt, from 1813 he wrote in part to make money. He tired of narrative poetry and turned to prose romances. The extremely popular series now known as the Waverley novels consists of more than two dozen works dealing with Scottish history, including the masterpieces Old Mortality (1816), Rob Roy (1817), and The Heart of Midlothian (1818). He drew on English history and other themes for Ivanhoe (1819), Kenilworth (1821), and Quentin Durward (1823). All his novels were published anonymously until 1827.苏格兰作家，常被推崇为历史小说的创始者与最杰出的作者。从童年开始就熟知苏格兰边境区的故事。1786年在当律师的父亲身边当见习生。后来成为赛尔扣克的代理郡长和爱丁堡高等民事法庭的职员。他对边界叙事诗兴趣浓厚，收集整理出了苏格兰边境歌谣集(18021803)。第一部浪漫诗歌创作最后行吟者之歌(1805)使他名声远扬。湖上夫人(1810)是他浪漫诗歌的最成功作品。他编辑了德莱顿的作品集(18卷；1808)和斯威夫特(19卷；1814)作品集。因债务缠身，1813年起司各特部分是为了挣钱而写作。他已厌烦叙事诗的形式，转向传奇故事散文。最受欢迎的现称作威弗利的小说系列，包括描写苏格兰历史的20多部作品，其中杰作有扫墓老叟(1816)、罗布罗伊(1817)以及米得洛锡安之心(1818)。他在艾凡赫(1819)、凯尼尔沃思(1821)和昆钉达沃德描述了英国历史及其他主题。他的小说在1827年之前一直是匿名出版。 司各特，油画，兰西尔(Edwin Henry Landseer)绘于1824年；现藏伦敦国立肖像画陈列馆。By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, LondonB. 奥斯汀 Austen, Jane (1775.12.16,英格兰 汉普郡 斯蒂文顿1817.7.18,汉普郡 温切斯特) born Dec. 16, 1775, Steventon, Hampshire, Eng.died July 18, 1817, Winchester, HampshireEnglish novelist.The daughter of a rector, she lived in the circumscribed world of minor landed gentry and country clergy that she was to use in her writing; her closest companion was her sister, Cassandra. Her earliest known writings are mainly parodies, notably of sentimental fiction. In her six full-length novelsSense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), Persuasion (1817), and Northanger Abbey (published 1817 but written before the others)she created the comedy of manners of middle-class English life in her time. Her writing is noted for its wit, realism, shrewd sympathy, and brilliant prose style. Through her treatment of ordinary people in everyday life, she was the first to give the novel its distinctly modern character. She published her novels anonymously; two appeared only after her death, which probably resulted from Addison disease.英国小说家。出身牧师家庭，其小说中的背景、人物和题材来自她所生活的小地主乡绅及乡村神职人员组成的世界。她最亲密的伴侣是她的姐姐卡桑德拉。早期作品多是模仿当时文体之作，尤其是感伤小说。她针对当时英国中产阶级习俗创作的六部喜剧式长篇小说有理智与情感(1811)、傲慢与偏见(1813)、曼斯菲尔德花园(1814)、爱玛(1815)、劝导(1817)和诺桑觉寺(181