法律文书翻译.doc

法律文书翻译一、定义 (Definition of legal instrument)Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document.二、分类(Categories) Examples include a certificate, deed, bond, contract, will, legislative act, notarial act, court writ or process, or any law passed by a competent legislative body in municipal (domestic) or international law. 三、 基本原则(Basic principles)对于法律翻译，译者不宜片面追求形式上的对等，要求译文的词类、语序和句子结构与原文基本保持一致。法律文件的翻译质量必须用译员对译文的反映程度来衡量。法律文体的翻译应该遵循奈达提出的“功能对等”翻译原则，即“译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。1. 公正性（impartiality）是法律专业人员要遵守的最为基本的原则。2. 准确性( veracity)：要求语言使用者对法律概念及所涉及的行为进行严格表达。3. 合适性(appropriateness)：合适性反映翻译的度，主要是对文本原意传达的充分程度。4. 简洁，精练(conciseness)：The simplest, most concise English is the best for legislation: 四、用词的基本特点 (Features of words )1. 措词精确、避免歧义 (precise words)原文：自9月20日起，甲方无权接受任何订单或收据。原译：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders to collect any account after September 20.改译： Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders to collect any account on and after September 20.2. 惯用副词 （adverbs）hereafter = after this time; 今后hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此herein = in this; 此中，于此hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文thereafter = afterwards; 此后，后来thereby = by that means; 因此；由此；在那方 面therein = from that; 在那里；在那点上thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下；在下文whereby = by what; by which; 由是；凭那个wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里；在哪点上3. 词语多并列（parallel words）为表意准确，行文中大量使用词语并列结构，用“and”或“or”把两个或多个短语并列起来。这种并列结构有更强的包容性，同时也更加具有弹性。例如：“under or in accordance with”，“signed and delivered”，“in whole or in part”，“within EU or elsewhere”，“revocation，suspension or imposition”，“by the government or by any government，public or local authority or by any person other than the person claiming relief”等等。五、句法特点 (Features of sentences)1. 多使用长句: 逻辑性强，减少了产生歧义的可能性。 译例 1引自联合国宪章：Subject to the provision of Article 12，the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation，regardless of origin，which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations，including situations resulting from a violation of the provision of the present charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. 译文：“大会对于其所认为足以妨害国际间公共福利或友好关系之任何情势，不论其起源如何，包括由违反本宪章所在联合国之宗旨及原则之情势，建议使用和平调整方法，但以不违背第十二条之规定为限。” 分析：该句独立成段，句子主干部分占不到全句的三分之一，其余皆为限定和修饰成分，短语有“subject to the provision of Article 12”和“regardless of origin”，从句有“which”从句，“which”从句还有它自己的修饰成分，由“including”引导。我们只有理解了这些结构之间的逻辑关系，才能正确的进行翻译。2. 多用被动结构：隐藏和弱化动作的行为者（法律主体），使法律语言更客观公正 译例 2 气象法第43条中国人民解放军气象工作的管理办法，由中央军事委员会制定。 译文：Administrative measures governing the meteorological work in the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army shall be formulated by the Central Military Commission.分析：原法律文本用“由”构成的非典型被动句，弱化了法律行为主体，其英文版本用被动语态如实再现了原文本的法律意图。3. 多用名词化结构 使法律条文更具有包容性，含盖任何人做出某个特定行为的可能性，从而扩大了法律的适用范围。 译例 4禁止抢采掠青、毁坏母树（种子法第24条）。译文：Plundering of unripe seeds and doing damage to other trees are prohibited.分析：原文采用否定祈使句来表示对人人都适用的禁止性规范，“抢采”和“毁坏”都是动词，译文将它们分别译成带有名词性质的动名词“plundering”和“doing damage to”就是通过把动词名词化的手段模糊和隐藏了动作的行为者，从而弱化了法律行为主体，扩大了法律适用范围，而且使语言更加简练。法律法规翻译“开场白”、“规定与罚则”以及“结束语”是每一部法律法规必不可少的内容，掌握了这三个部分的翻译，法律法规的翻译会变的简单、容易的多。一、先来看“开场白”。1. 开场白一般有四个关键词。即“为了”、“根据”、“结合”、“制定”。下面是一部典型的地方法规的卷首语：第一条 为加强市容和环境卫生管理，创造和维护整洁、优美的市容环境，保障人民身体健康，促进经济发展和社会文明进步，根据有关法律、法规，结合本市实际情况，制定本条例。（摘自天津市市容和环境卫生管理条例）Article 1 These Regulations are enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting peoples health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society.分析：根据英语行文特点，应该先翻“制定”，然后再翻译根据结合，最后翻译为了，These Regulations are enacted，使用enact会更加准确些。（2） “条例”与“本市”大写的目的是为了醒目、突出，并与本条例中提到的另外一些条例加以区别。（3） With the purpose of 或者with the aim to 后边都应该用动词+ing的形式。在开场白中，往往还有一些关键名词的解释，如实施本法的范围以及负责单位的任命等各项内容。现分别说明如下：2. 关键名词解释：（1）实施范围：第二条 在本市行政区域内从事建设工程的新建、扩建、改建等有关活动，以及对建设工程质量实施监督管理的，必须遵守本规定。Article 2These Regulations apply to the newly-built, expanded and renovated construction projects carried out in this Municipality and the quality control thereof.（2）负责单位：第六条 天津经济技术开发区管理委员会（以下简称开发区管委会）是天津市人民政府（以下简称市人民政府）的派出机构，代表市人民政府对开发区实行统一管理。（摘自天津经济技术开发区条例）Article 6 The Administrative Committee of the Tianjin EconomicTechnological Development Area (hereinafter referred to as TEDAAC) is delegated by the Tianjin Municipal Peoples Government (hereinafter referred to as the Municipal Peoples Government), and shall exercise a uniform administration of TEDA on behalf of the Municipal Peoples Government.既然在中文法律文书行文中，开场白的上述内容是必不可少的，翻译起来，也有一些比较固定的译法。如 “必须遵守本规定”或者“适用本规定”，可以一律翻译成“apply to”，没必要把前者翻译成“must abide by”。二、“规定与罚则”。这两部分是相辅相成的。一般情况下，翻译罚则只要在规定前边加一个“不”字即可。请看天津市收购废旧金属和信托寄卖业治安管理办法里的例子：第三条（规定一） 经营收购生产性废旧金属的单位，须经经营所在地的公安分局、县公安局审查，符合规定的，由市公安局核发特种行业许可证。第十一条 违反本办法第三条第一款规定， 非法收购生产性废旧金属的，予以取缔，没收非法收购的物品及违法所得；对单位或直接责任者可并处5000元以上万元以下罚款。Article 11 Where a unit or individual, in violation of paragraph 1 of Article 3 of these Measures, illegally purchases waste and used industrial metals, the authorities concerned shall stop its business and confiscate the illegally purchased articles，and the illegally obtained profits; It may also impose a fine of not less than Renminbi 5,000 yuan but not more than Renminbi 10,000 yuan on the unit or the person directly responsible.在法律文书中表示“如果”的地方，不用if ，而一般用where 去翻译。规定与罚则的写法有各种不同的安排。如刚才的例子，是前后分列的，有的则把规定与罚则写在同一条款当中，这样，显得更加紧凑一些。下面是一个规定与罚则并列的例子。选自天津市市容和环境卫生管理条例。第三十一条 禁止下列影响环境卫生清洁的行为:一随地吐痰、吐口香糖、便溺,乱倒粪便;二乱扔烟蒂、纸屑、瓜果皮核以及各类包装废弃物等;三乱倒、乱堆渣土、污泥或者其他废弃物,向道路、河道、公共场地上抛撒杂物、废弃物,由建筑物或者车辆向外抛掷杂物、废弃物。违反前款第一项规定的,责令即时清除,并处五十元以上一百元以下罚款; 罚则中“xx至xx元”，有人简单地翻译成from xx to xx，似乎显得不那么正式。我们用not less than xx but not more than xx，文字上就比较庄重，严肃。其实， 在翻译法律文书之前，认真读一下有关法律条文的译文，记住一些关键的表达法，在自己翻译过程中会十分有用的。三、 “结束语”的翻译。结束语首先要说，本条例从何时起生效，有的时候还要说明以前制定的某某条例同时废止。例如在天津市 市容和环境卫生管理条例的结束语中有提到：第五十九条 本条例自公布之日起施行。1998年2月25目天津市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第四十次会议通过的天津市环境卫生管理条例同时废止。Article .59 These Regulations shall become effective as from the date of promulgation. The Regulations of Tianjin Municipality on Environmental Sanitation that was adopted at the 40th Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth Tianjin Municipal Peoples Congress on February 25, 1998 shall be abrogated simultaneously. “生效”译法不一而足。经常选用的有：take effect，come into effect，become effective 等等。 “同时废止”则比较简单，译成be abrogated simultaneously 即可。以上简要地给大家介绍了法律法规的基本框架，即“开场白”、“规定与罚则”以及“结束语”。掌握了这三部分的基本翻译方法，可以说法律文书翻译就入了门，只要在此基础上，不断实践，不断积累，不断学习，才能使自己的法律文书翻译的水平慢慢提高。其他法律文书的翻译一、员工手册1.会客Receiving Visitors您在上班时间内应避免会见私人客人。如果有公事来访的客人，建议您将客人引至休息室或会议室交谈，避免客人坐在您的办公椅上等候、交谈或使用电话，从而不致影响其他同事工作或泄漏公司秘密。You shall avoid receiving the private visitor within your working hours. In the event that there is the visitor for public affairs, it is suggested that you take the visitor to the rest room or meeting room for conversation, and avoid the visitors waiting at your office chair, talking or using the telephone, in case that they may affect the work of other colleagues or disclose the secrets of company.2.个人财物Personal Properties您的个人财物特别是贵重物品请不要存放在工作场所，否则若您不慎将其遗失公司不负责赔偿任何损失。You shall not deposit your personal properties, especially valuables, at the working place, otherwise, the company shall not be held liable for the compensation of loses you suffered due to your carelessness. 3.公共财产Common Property您应该爱护公司所有的固定设施以及耗材，对于耗材的使用应该以节约为宗旨，应该配合公司关于耗材领用的制度。You shall take good care of all the facilities and consumption materials of company. The use of consumption materials shall take the practice of economy as the aim and abide by the companys policies of using the consumption materials. 4.商业行为Commercial Act作为公司员工您应严格遵守并奉行本公司基于高度专业道德而形成的行为规范和准则，您有责任对公司内所有不公开的信息绝对保密，如果您离开公司绝不能将公司的保密文件复印外带，不得损坏公司在行业内的名誉，当您参加社会任何政治或民事活动时，应以不影响公司的工作为原则。As an employee of the company, you shall strictly abide by and carry out the norms of conduct and rules of the company formed on the basis of high professional moral, and you have the responsibilities to keep absolutely confidential all the non-publicized information of the company. In case you leave the company, you shall neither take the photocopies of confidential documents of the company out of the company, nor damage the reputation of company within the business circle. Any of your social political or civil activities shall not affect the ordinary work of company.5.员工投诉Employees Complaints您在工作中如有任何不满之处可在每周工作小结中写明，也可直接向主管或分管行政总监投诉。In case you have any questions or unsatisfactory matters in the work, you may explicitly put them down in the working summary of every week, or directly file the complaint to director or chief administrative supervisor of the sub bureau. 二、委托技术开发合同第条 本医药研究开发成果应达到的技术水平。 Article 3 The achievements of this medical research and development shall be up to the technological level of _. 第条 甲方的主要义务：Article 4 Major Obligations of Party A. Party A shall 1、支付乙方约定的研究开发经费。provide the agreed funds for research and development to Party B.2、按照如下方式分期支付上述项目投资：一次总算，分期支付，包干使用的方式。pay such amount by installments based on one-time calculation, and such payment shall be used in fixed allocations; （注：当事人通常可以选择下列支付方式：实报实销的方式；一次总算，分期支付，包干使用的方式；“研究开发经费”提成费的方式）。(notes: usually, both of the parties may prescribe payment made upon certification; installment payment based on one-time calculation, which shall be used in fixed allocations; providing funds of research and development plus deducted amounts.)3、在合同生效后日内甲方向乙方提供相关的医药技术背景资料和原始数据并进行相应协助事宜。to provide Party B with background materials and original data relating to such medical technology within _ days after this contract has taken effect. 4、甲方应向乙方提供如下的协助事项_。to assist Party B in such items as_. 第5条 乙方的主要义务：Article 5 Major Obligations of Party BParty B shall1、认真制定和实施研究开发计划。carefully prepare and implement the development plan. .2. 乙方不得在向甲方交付研究开发成果之前，自行将研究开发成果转让给第三人。2. not transfer the technical achievements to a third person without authorization before it delivers the technical achievements to Party A. 3、乙方应当保证其交付给甲方的研究开发成果不侵犯任何第三人的合法权益。Party B shall warranty that the technical achievements delivered to Party A shall not infringe the legitimate rights and interests of any third party. 4. 如发生第三人指控甲方实施的技术侵权的，乙方当_。4. If a third party alleges that the use of such achievements by Party A infringes any rights of another party, Party B shall _. 译文的表达句子理解之后，紧接着就是表达问题。汉英翻译不同于英汉翻译的是理解汉语，表达英语，这难免要受汉语习惯的影响，在选词、造句中总会有点“汉式英文”的味道。这仿佛是汉译英过程中的通病，但我们在汉英翻译中应尽量避免受汉语思维习惯的影响，要多注意两种语言的差异，使译文准确、流畅。但是翻译法律文书应该以“严谨”为宗旨，如果流畅和准确发生矛盾时，应选择后者。现举几个不当例子分析如下：例一：李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁。英译：Li Ming has not been punished according to the criminal law during his living in China.分析：此句中的“not to be punished” 与表示一段时间的during 短语连用不恰当，况且，此句证明的是“没有受过刑罚的记载”，而“触犯刑律”也应译成：“commit an offence against the criminal law”, 所以改译成：“Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law” 意义更具体明确；另外，“在中国居住期间”应译为“during his residence in China”,“居住”这个词选用 “residence”而不用 “living”,更强调一个住所的永久性和合法性。Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law during his residence in China.例二：本保证书自即日起生效。有效期将于贵恭喜收到全部已经买方承兑和我行背书保证的远期汇票之日终止。英译：This letter of Guarantee will come into force from this day and will lose its effect when your company has received all the usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed by our Bank.分析：法律文书中表示义务或规定时，第三人称后面要用 “shall”不用 “will”. “from this day”不确切，宜改为 “on its issuing draft”。 “will lose its effect”也用得欠妥， “effect”在这里的含义是“效应、结果”；况且此句的关键内容是指“有效期到何时终止”，故应选择 “remain valid until” 结构；另外“your company” 宜改为“you”。故后面的这一句应译成： “shall remain valid until you have received all the usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsedThis letter of Guarantee shall come into force on its issuing draft and remain valid until you have recei