语法资料完整版.doc

虚拟语气虚拟语气表达一种过于主观、计划、想法的语气态度。它用于时态方面往往是正常时态再套一层过去时，表示所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小，或表示愿望、请求及建议等。虚拟语气用于以下几个方面。一、非真实的If条件句（即虚拟条件句）1、形式和用法：1)对现在情况的虚拟假设：表示现在实际上并不存在的情况 were 形式：If + 主语 + Ved， 主语 + should(would, could, might) + 动词原形2) 对过去情况的虚拟假设：表示过去实际上并没有发生或已经发生了的事情形式：If +主语 + had +过去分词，主语 + should(would, could, might) + have+过去分词3) 对将来情况的假设：表示将来实现可能性不大的虚拟情况should形式：If + 主语+ were to +动词原形，主语 + should(would, could, might) + 动词原形【考点1】与现在事实相反的虚拟（说明：带的为重要例句）1. I_ talk that way if I were Peter.A. didnt B. wont C. wouldnt D. couldnt2. After the way she treated you, if I_ in your place, I should not return the call.A. am B. were C. was D. will be【考点2】与将来事实相反的虚拟，其条件句形式为should do或were to do1. If you _see Jane, what would you tell her?A. will be going to B. were to C. are to D. ought to 2. This kind of world is hard and dangerous. But if _, you would become rich.A. you would succeed B. you could succeed C. you might succeed D. you should succeed3. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job, she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. (96.1)A. have to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got【考点3】与过去事实相反的虚拟1. If the art dealer _ the money, he would have bought the painting. A. had had B. has C. had D. would have2. Everything _ if Albert hadnt called the fire brigade.A. would be destroyed B. would have been destroyed C. will be destroyed D. will have been destroyed3. Millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had lost B. would have lost C. would lose D. should have lost4. If the whole operation _ before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned【考点4】虚拟条件句的倒装：在if 从句中，如有were、should、had这三词，则可省去if，并将这三词置于句首进行倒装，但如有否定词则否定词not须留原位不能前置。1. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams. A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through2. _ the work, he would do it some other way. A. Was he doing B. Were he to do C. If he does D. If he is doing3. _ there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply. A. Would B. Must C. Could D. Should4. _ you taken any precaution, the car would not have been damaged.A. Have B. Should C. Had D. Were5. _ for my illness I would have lend him a helping hand.A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. hadnt been6. If it _ too much trouble, Id love a cup of tea.A. isnt B. wasnt C. werent D. hadnt been【考点5】错综时间条件句：错综时间是只主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间， 这时，需要根据意思采用表示不用时间的东西形式。当if虚拟条件是与过去事实相反，则用过去完成时；主句表达的意思若同现在事实相反，则不能用would have done而视具体情况而定，注意主句中往往出现区别性时间状语。1. If you _ that late movie last night, you wouldnt be sleepy now.A. hadnt watched B. didnt watch C. havent watched D. wouldnt have watched2. If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we _ a terrible time tomorrow.A. would have B. shall have C. would have had D. should have had3. If the weather had been more favorable, the crops _ still better.A. should have grown B. would be growing C. would be grown D. could be grown4. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he _ our chairman now.A. would have been B. must have been C. were D. would be5. _ for the timely investment from the public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be6. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt have smile【考点6】虚拟与真实句混用：当用but时，则but后的从句回到过去的现实中。1. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week.A. were B. had been C. have been D. was2. I would have gone there, but I _ no time.A. had had B. have C. would have D. had【考点7】含蓄虚拟：此种虚拟并非由if从句引出，而是由with, without, but for等介词组成或由but that, if it were not for, or, otherwise等连词引出，并且均表示对过去发生事情的虚拟。1._, we could not have finished the work on time.A. If they do not help us B. Was it not for their help C. Should they offer to help us D. But for their help2. He was holding a consultation with his students. Otherwise he _ over to help us.A. had come B. would come C. would have come D. was coming3. But that he came to help me, I _.A. cant but succeed B. could not have succeeded C. couldnt succeed D. didnt succeed.4. Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things _ they are today.A. would never be B. could have been C. would never have been D. didnt have5. Nelson _ the fight, with a little more training and a better manager.A. would win B. had won C. could have won D. won6. He told me how he had given me shelter and food without which I _ of hunger.A. will die B. would be died C. would die D. would have died7. _ the fog, we should have reached out destination in time.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for【考点8】 with型虚拟：在wish, would rather, would sooner, would(just) as soon等表希望、宁愿的虚拟中，它们均 表达责备之意，其后接从句中多用过去时表示对现在事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。1. Look at those doves flying cross the sky in the strong light, I wish I _ a piece of cloud giving them cool shade.A. will B. am C. should be D. were2. Jack wished that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A. studied B. study C. had been studying D. had studied3. I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. could have slept4. Id just as soon _ those important papers with you.A .that you wont take B. you not taking C. you didnt take D. please dont you take5. I would rather I _ to the party yesterday evening. A. not go B. no to go C. had not gone D. wouldnt have gone6. To be frank, Id rather you _ in the case. A. not to be involved B. not involved C. will not be involved D. were not involved7. She says shed rather he _ tomorrow instead of today.A. leaves B. left C. had left D. should leave【考点9】虚拟感叹与虚拟疑问：if only表示感叹、愿望时会引起虚拟，注意它与only if 的区别。if only 与 supposed/supposing/what if 功能相同，在其谓语动词的正常时态套一层过去时即可。过去发生的事虚拟用过去完成时，现在发生的虚拟用过去时，将来的虚拟用过去将来时。 supposed/supposing I accepted this offer 假如我接受这提议，你怎么办？ If only you hadnt offend him then! 你当时没冒犯他就好了。1. You are making a lot of noise. If only you _ down.A. will quiet B. have quitted C. would quiet D. should quiet2. If only that photograph _. A. werent missing B. isnt missing C. would not miss D. doesnt miss3. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed【考点10】以免型虚拟：连词组in case, lest, for fear that, on condition that(在条件下)等所连接从句的虚拟，谓语动词是should do（无论任何人称）， should也可省略。（常考形式）1. Youd better keep a seat for her in case she _.A. coming B. should come C. is coming D. may come 2. Every attention must be paid to him lest he _ that he is inferior to my other guests.A. felt B. feel C. would feel D. feels3. He handle the instrument with care for fear that it _ damaged.A. were B. may be C. should be D. would be 【考点11】似乎，好像型虚拟：as if / as though 引出的虚拟，其后谓语动词的正常时态再套一层过去时。对过去发生的事情虚拟用过去完成时，对现在发生的虚拟用过去时， 将来的虚拟用过去将来时。1. Dr. Beth worked hard as if he _.A. never had felt tired B. had never felt tired C. never felt tired D. never was tired2. I feel as if I already _ inside me all the medicine that could cure the illness.A. had B. have C. be had D. being had3. They operated the new computer as if they _ skilled workers.A. be B. had been C. was being D. had been being【考点12】It is (high, about) time 型虚拟， 表示该做的时间，其后的谓语动词均用过去式，不得用完成式等其他形式。1. It is time _.A. we should leave B. we leave C. should have left D. we left2. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think it about time _?A. we are going home B. we went home C. we go home D. we can go home 3. Its high time we _ something to stop air pollution.A. do B. would do C. did D. are doing 4. Its high time that something _ to prohibit selling fake commodities. A. must be done B. was done. C. be done D. were done【考点13】建议、命令、要求与主观评论型虚拟：表达建议、命令、请求及主观评论的从句， 无论是宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句或是主语从句，从句中的谓语动词均用should+动词原形，should可省略（常考形式），should 在此有应当、惊奇或不满之意。一）宾语从句类某些表示建议、要求、命令等意义的动词之后的that从句，从句中谓语动词用（should）+ 动词原形。表示愿望的：desire、prefer（宁肯）表示建议的：advise、move（提议）、propose、suggest、recommend表示要求、请求的：ask、beg、insist、maintain、oblige、require、urge（强烈要求、极力主张）、vote（投票支持）表示命令的：command、decree、dictate（命令）、direct（指示）、order、stipulate（规定）表示决定的：decide、determine、resolve其他：arrange、deserve、intend(意欲)、motion(示意)、promise、suppose等1. He suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition together.A. us to go B. we went C. we shall go D. we go 2. Mikes uncle insists _ this hotel. A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay.3. As Commander-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken4. Toms father, as well as his mother, _ in New York for a few days more.A. asks he stays B. ask he stays C. asks he to stay D. asks he stay5. The police chief ordered that parking _ on Main Street during the rush hours. A. was prohibited B. is prohibited C. be prohibited D. be prohibiting6. Many scientists urged that nuclear energy _ to peaceful uses.A. be put B. would be put C. will be put D. were put 7. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans.A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed 8. In the past men generally preferred that their wives _ at home.A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working二）同位语从句、表语从句 某些名词，特别是上面提到的表示建议、要求、命令等含义的动词相应的名词形式，在其同位语从句或其作主语的表语从句中，谓语动词要用与相应动词所要求的同样形式的虚拟语气，即“（should+）动词原形。这些名词有（可和相应的动词放在一起记忆）：advice, agreement, command, decision, decree(政令)，demand, desire, determination, insistence, motion(提议)，necessity, order, plan, preference等。1. The mother flatly rejected my suggestion that she _ her daughter the next week.A. met B. meet C. be met D. has met 2. The computer case designed by two engineers for use in outer space satisfies their requirement that it _ strength and _ light.A. has, is B. have, is C. have, be D. has, being3. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed4. The angry teacher gave the order that nobody _ the classroom before twelve.A. would leave B. left C. had left D. leave5. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A. would B. present C. presents D. ought to present6. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off7. Their demand is that their wages _ by 20%.A. be increased B. is increased C. should increase D. is to increase三）在主语从句中： A其结构通常为It is +形容词或建议、命令、要求动词的过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）。用于这种结构的形容词有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, compulsory（强制的）, concerned, crucial（紧要关头的），desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative（绝对必要的）, important, impossible, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory(必须履行的)，only fair, referable, preferable, proper, reasonable, urgent, vital, willing等。1. It was proposed that the matter _ discussed at the next meeting.A. will be B. was C. would be D. be2. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.A. not be started B. is not started C. will not be started D. is not to be started3. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were not played B. not be played C. is allowed D. should have been allowed4. It is decided that no smoking _ in the classroom.A. be allowed B. will be allowed C. is allowed D. should have been allowed.5. It has been arranged that they _ the following day.A. were leaving B. had left C. leave D. left6. It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline.A. must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent7. It is vital that enough money _ to fund the project.A. is collected B. be collected C. must be collected D. can be collected8. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly.A. has made sure B. made sure C. must make sure D. make sure9. It is necessary that a graduate student _ a grade point average of “B” in his major field.A. shall maintain B. will maintain C. maintain D. maintains10. It is obligatory that every young man _ in the armed forces.A. serves B. served C. must serve D. should serve.11. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.A. is assigned B. be assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned12. The board deemed it urgent that these files _ right away. A. had to be printed B. must be printed C. should have been printed D. should be printed注意：此类形容词不管作that-从句的主语补足语还是宾语补足语，都采用同样的虚拟语气形式：(should+)动词原形B. 在amazing, incredible (难以置信的), odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising, unthinkable (不可思议的) 等形容词后的that-从句中的一般用should表达惊奇、不满的语气，这时因为should本身有“竟然”的含义，should是这种语气的载体。这一类形容词后的从句可以有“should+动词原形”和“should + have +动词过去分词”两种形式，具体采用哪种形式要视所表达的时间而定。对现在事情的惊讶、不满用一般式，对过去事情的惊讶、不满则用完成式，should翻译为竟然。1. Its ridiculous that he _ like that!A. to behave B. behaving C. behaves D. should behave2. It is very strange that he _ without saying good-bye.A. left B. should leave C. leave D. should have left3. It is a shame that he _ that poor little girl!A. deceived B. should deceive C. deceive D. deceiving非谓语动词 在英语中，不是用作句子谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种：不定式、分词和动名词。动名词与不定式的比较1 动名词多重视进程、不定式多重视结果Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 2. 动名词的逻辑主语泛指大家的行为，而不定式逻辑则指向句中某人I scorn telling lies.我蔑视说谎。 I scorn to tell a lie.我不屑说谎。3. 动名词多指经常性动作，不定式多指具体某次动作I like swimming. I like to swim this afternoon.【考点1】只能接动名词做宾语而不能用不定式作宾语的动词如下：46词5A: admit anticipate acknowledge appreciate avoid5C: consider complete cant help cant resist cant stand5D: delay deny detest discuss dislike5E: enjoy escape evade excuse ensure5F: fancy favor forgive finish forbid 5R: resist recall resent recollect risk7P: pardon permit postpone prohibit practice propose prevent3M: mind miss mention 3I: imagine involve include1K: keep 1S: suggest 1U: understand只能接动名词做宾语的动词词组approve of doing sth.批准做某事 be afraid of doing sth 害怕做obtain from doing sth.戒除做某事 be aware of doing sth意识到做apologize for doing sth.为做某事道歉 contribute to doing对做某事有贡献believe in doing信仰做事 be confident of doing sthconfess to doing sth坦白做了某事 devote to doing投身做 look forward to doing 期待做 adapt to doing适应做commit to doing承诺做 adjust to doing调整做 object to 反对做dedicateto doing致力于做 be accustomed to doing 习惯于 be used to doing习惯于【考点2】在特定句式中使用动名词1. 1)Its no use/good/help/sense/point/need talking to him. 2)There be no + Ving There is no denying that women are playing more an important role than ever before. There is no joking about this matter.这事开不得玩笑。2. Its no use _ me not to worry.A. you tell B. you telling C. for you to have told D. having told3. Theres no need _ until Im reasonably sure when Ill be able to go for my holiday.A. to decide B. deciding C. to have decided D. being decided【考点3】动名词表示的动作在谓语动词之前，须用完成式。动名词的逻辑主语是动词的接受者时，则用被动式。1. The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company.A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told2. In many countries the law forbids citizens to carry pistols or rifles without first _ a special permit.A. obtaining B. to obtain C. being obtained D. having obtained3. Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks the traffic regulations.A. having been fined B. to have been fined C. being fined D. to be fined4. She resent _ by her boss yesterday. A. having been criticiz