DGC部分文献的参考文献摘要翻译.doc

部分文献的参考文献摘要及全文翻译部分文献的参考文献摘要翻译1 山羊奶中非蛋白氮的含量/pubmed/1785251101 Prosser CG, McLaren RD, Frost D, Agnew M, Lowry DJ (2007) Composition of the non-protein nitrogen fraction of goat whole milk powder and goat milk-based infant and follow-on formulae. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 59: 123-133.AbstractThe non-protein nitrogen fraction of goat whole milk powder and of infant and follow-on formulae made from goat milk was characterized and compared with cow milk powder and formulae. Goat milk infant formula contained 10% non-protein nitrogen, expressed as a proportion of total nitrogen, compared with 7.1% for cow milk formula. Goat follow-on formula contained 9.3% and cow 7.4% non-protein nitrogen. Urea, at 30%, was quantitatively the most abundant component of the non-protein nitrogen fraction of goat milk and formulae, followed by free amino acids at 7%. Taurine, glycine and glutamic acid were the most abundant free amino acids in goat milk powders. Goat milk infant formula contained 4 mg/100 ml total nucleotide monophosphates, all derived from the goat milk itself. Goat milk has a very different profile of the non-protein nitrogen fraction to cow milk, with several constituents such as nucleotides at concentrations approaching those in human breast milk.把由山羊奶制成的全脂奶粉、婴儿配方奶粉和后续配方奶粉中非蛋白氮的含量特征化，并与牛奶粉进行了比较。山羊婴儿配方奶粉含10的非蛋白氮，以总氮为比例计算，牛奶粉含有7.1非蛋白氮。山羊后续配方奶粉和牛奶粉分别含有9.3和7.4的非蛋白氮。占30的尿素是山羊奶和山羊奶配方奶粉中非蛋白氮最丰富的组成部分，其次是含量7的游离氨基酸。牛磺酸、甘氨酸和谷氨酸是山羊奶粉中最丰富的游离氨基酸。来源于山羊奶的山羊婴儿配方奶粉每100mg含有4mg总核苷酸单磷酸。与牛奶相比，山羊奶的非蛋白氮具有非常特别的序列片段，其中的几种成分比如核苷酸接近于母乳中的浓度。2 山羊成长奶粉与骨量/doi/10.1002/jsfa.3202/abstract01 KRUGER MC, CHUA W-H, DARRAGH A, BOOTH CL, PROSSER C, LOWRY D (2008).Impact of goat milk powdered formulations on mineral absorption, peak bone mass and bone loss due to ovariectomy in rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88: 1082-1090.AbstractGoat milk is recognised as nutritious, with benefits to growth and skeletal development. The initial aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three different goat milk formulaea whole milk, a skim milk and a goat milk growing-up formula fortified with pre- and probiotics (Formula 1)on mineral absorption and retention in rats. The effect of long-term intake of the fortified formula diet on peak bone mass and post-ovariectomy bone loss in rats was then investigated in a follow-up study and was assessed by bone density dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and biomechanical testing of bone ex vivo.山羊奶公认营养丰富、对成长和骨骼的发展很有益处。这项研究的最初目的是探讨三种不同的山羊奶粉全脂奶粉、脱脂奶粉和益生菌强化山羊奶粉（配方1段）对小鼠矿物质的吸收和保留的影响。在长期对小鼠进行强化配方奶粉饮食后，研究其对峰值骨量和卵巢切除后骨量减少的影响，并进行了骨密度的双能X射线骨密度仪扫描和体外骨生物力学测试。Goat whole milk and fortified milk formulations improved calcium and phosphorus absorption and retention. Body composition analysis showed that rats fed the fortified diet had higher body calcium and phosphorus content. The fortified diet was then tested in a long-term feeding trial. Rats fed the fortified diet from weaning had a higher peak bone mass than rats fed a soy protein control diet. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of the lumbar spine were higher in rats fed the fortified diet. After ovariectomy, all rats lost bone mass, but rats fed the fortified diet maintained significantly higher BMD and BMC values throughout the trial, though still lower than those of non-ovariectomised control rats. The fortified diet increased bone strength.山羊全脂奶和强化配方奶增进钙、磷的吸收和保留。成分分析表明，老鼠喂强化饮食身体中钙和磷的含量较高。之后进行了长期的强化饮食饲养试验。小鼠从断奶开始喂强化饮食，比喂控制蛋白含量大豆的小鼠获得更高的骨峰值。喂强化饮食的老鼠腰椎骨矿含量（BMC）和骨密度（BMD）也更高。卵巢切除后，所有小鼠的骨量都减少，但强化饮食喂养的小鼠整个过程中保持着较高的BMD和BMC值，尽管仍然低于非卵巢切除对照组。强化饮食增加了骨骼强度。Goat milk specific nutrients supported by pre- and probiotics in Formula 1 may improve mineral status during growth and support attainment of peak bone mass.山羊奶中由益生元和益生菌支持的特定营养素，会提高生长过程中矿物质的含量，保持峰值骨量。3 山羊奶与缺铁/doi/10.1002/jsfa.3092/abstract01 Nestares, T.Diaz-Castro, J. Lez-Aliaga, I. Alfez, MJM.Barrionuevo, M. Campos, MS (2008) Calcium-enriched goat milk, in comparison with similarly enriched cow milk, favours magnesium bioavailability in rats with nutritional ferropenic anaemia. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88: 319-327AbstractThe effects of dietary consumption of goat or cow milk, normal or enriched with calcium (Ca), on magnesium (Mg) bioavailability was evaluated in rats with nutritional ferropenic anaemia. Control and iron-deficient rats were fed for 14 days with iron-normal diets containing either normal (5000 mg kg1 diet) or high (10 000 mg kg1 diet) Ca content.进行了饮用牛奶或者山羊奶能否影响营养性贫血小鼠镁和钙的生物利用度评估。控制和缺铁小鼠喂养14天含铁正常的钙含量正常(5000 mg kg1饮食）或更高（10 000 mg kg1饮食）的饮食。The results shown that the goat milk diet gave the best results for digestive and metabolic utilization of Mg, both among the anaemic and the control group, with respect to the cow milk and standard diets. The most noteworthy result of Ca enrichment on the nutritive utilization of Mg is that it is less prejudicial in this respect when supplemented via goat milk than with cow milk or the standard diet.结果表明，山羊奶饮食使得患贫血组和对照组小鼠镁的消化和代谢利用都得到最好的结果。最值得注意的是，比牛奶或标准饮食更好，补充来自山羊奶的钙增进镁的营养利用率，并没有损害镁的吸收。The results demonstrate the beneficial effects of the goat milk, normal or with double Ca, on the nutritional utilization of Mg; therefore the consumption of this type of milk for people with nutritional ferropenic anaemia can be recommended.实验结果证明了正常或双倍钙的山羊奶对镁营养利用的有利影响，因此向患营养性贫血的人推荐饮用山羊奶。4 羊乳蛋白的快速消化/article/S0022-0302(80)83125-0/abstract01 Jenness, R (1980). Composition and characteristics of goat milk: Review 1968-1979. J Dairy Sci 63:1605-1630.AbstractResearch in the past decade has extended knowledge of composition of goat milk and of properties of its constituents. Goats of several European breeds produce milk of lower fat content in the tropics than in temperate zones. Fat, protein, and lactose contents of milk of dwarf goats are higher than those of other breeds. Fat globules of goat milk resemble those of cow milk in lipid composition and properties of the globule membrane, but goat milk lacks “agglutinin” which causes fat globules of cow milk to cluster when cooled. Five principal proteins of goat milk, -lactalbumin, -lactoglobulin, -casein, -casein, and s2-casein, closely resemble their homologs in cow milk. Goat milk lacks a homolog of bovine s1-casein, the most abundant protein in cow milk. Caseinate micelles of goat milk contain more calcium and inorganic phosphorus, are less solvated and less heat stable, and lose -casein more readily than bovine micelles. Activities of ribonuclease, lipase, and xanthine oxidase are less in goat than in cow milk. Goat milk contains more potassium and chloride but less orotic acid, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 than cow milk. Little work in the past decade has been on nutritive value of goat milk for humans except to describe cases of folate deficiency in infants.过去十年的研究丰富了山羊奶和其组成成分特性的知识。几种欧洲品种山羊在热带地区比在温带地区产更低脂的山羊奶。矮化山羊奶的脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖含量都比其他品种的高。山羊奶脂肪球类似于牛奶的脂质组成和球膜性能，但山羊奶缺乏使牛奶脂肪球群集时冷却的“凝集素”。山羊奶五种主要的蛋白质乳清蛋白、乳球蛋白、酪蛋白、酪蛋白和 s2酪蛋白与其在牛奶中的同源极为相似。山羊奶缺乏牛奶中最丰富的蛋白质同源牛 s1酪蛋白。山羊奶中的酪蛋白胶束含有较多的钙、无机磷，溶剂较少，稳定的热量更少，并且失去酪蛋白比失去牛胶束更容易。核糖核酸酶、脂酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶在山羊奶中的活动性更弱。山羊奶中含有较多的钾、氯，但乳清酸、N乙酰神经氨酸、叶酸、维生素B和维生素B12含量比牛奶少。过去十年人们努力于山羊奶对人的营养价值，除了描述婴幼儿叶酸缺乏的情况。/pubmed/877529503 Jasinka, B (1995). The comparison of pepsin and trypsin action of goat, cow, mare and human caseins. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 40:486-493.AbstractThe degree of proteolysis of micellar caseins of human, goats, mares and two breeds (Black&White and Red Polish) of cows milk was compared for pepsin and trypsin action in vitro. Human and goats caseins were hydrolysed in 100% and 96%, respectively, mares casein-92%, Black&White cows casein-90%, Red Polish cows casein-76%. The differences can be related to the micelle structure, especially to the prevalence of beta casein in the human and goats casein. The significant dissimilarity between the two breeds of investigated cows is surprising and indicates a different geometry of micellar aggregates.比较了母乳、山羊奶、马奶和两个品种奶牛的牛奶（黑白花 和红波兰）在胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶体外的水解情况。母乳与山羊奶的酪蛋白水解率为100和96，马奶的酪蛋白水解92，黑白花牛奶的酪蛋白水解90，红波兰牛奶的酪蛋白水解76。差异可能与胶束的结构，特别是人和山羊酪蛋白中酪蛋白的结构有关。两个品种奶牛之间调查的显著差异令人惊讶，表明了胶束聚集体几何形状的不同。/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4JFHF0H-4&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1489619478&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b7a309f885f54682aff03d7133577d8e&searchtype=a04 Almaas, H. Devold, TG. Holm, H. Langsrud. T. Aabakken, L. Aadnoey, T. Vegarud, GE (2006) In vitro digestion of bovine and caprine milk by human gastric and duodenal enzymes. International Dairy Journal. 16: 961-968.AbstractIn vitro digestion was performed by human proteolytic enzymes on bovine and caprine individual milks. Two types of caprine milk were investigated: with high and low contents of S1-casein (CN). In addition the influence of heating of the milk on digestion was examined. The digestion was performed in two steps using human gastric and duodenal juice. Protein and peptide profiles were studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Caprine milk proteins were digested faster than bovine milk proteins. This was confirmed by the degradation profile obtained for both cows and goats milk, and was most evident for -lactoglobulin. Comparing the digestion of milk protein from two groups of goats, high and low in S1-CN content, respectively, did not show significant differences. Heat treatment of milk had a strong and significant effect on the level of digestion. Raw milk was degraded faster than the heat-treated milk, and the effect of heating was different for bovine and caprine milk.体外消化由母乳蛋白水解酶分别作用于牛奶和羊奶展示。两种类型的羊乳： S1酪蛋白（CN）含量的高低进行了调查。此外也对消化中奶受热的影响进行了研究。消化分两个步骤进行，使用人类胃液和十二指肠液。蛋白质和肽通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS - PAGE）和等电聚焦（IEF）来描绘，发现羊乳蛋白消化速度比牛乳蛋白快。这一点通过牛奶和山羊奶获得的降解的资料所证实，并且发现乳球蛋白最为明显。比较 S1-CN含量高和低的两组山羊的消化，没有显著差异。牛奶经过热处理显著影响其消化水平。生奶的降解速度比热处理奶快，并且加热对牛奶和山羊奶的影响不同。5 婴儿配方山羊奶粉中的蛋白质的质量/article/S0022-0302(06)72313-X/abstract02 Rutherfurd, S M. Darragh, AJ. Hendriks, WH. Prosser, CG. Lowry, D. (2006) True ileal amino acid digestibility of goat and cow milk infant formulas. J Dairy Sci 82:2408-2413.AbstractGoat milk is used as an alternative to cow milk for the production of infant formulas. However, little is known about the protein quality and, specifically, about the digestible AA pattern of goat milk formulas compared with their cow milk counterparts. In this study, the true ileal AA digestibility of a goat milk infant formula was compared with a premium cow milk infant formula. The 3-wk-old piglet was used as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Both milk formulas were prepared as described by the manufacturer, with titanium dioxide added as an indigestible marker. The formulas were fed to the piglets over a 2-wk trial period. Digesta from the terminal ileum were collected post euthanasia and analyzed for AA content, along with samples of the formulas. True AA digestibility was determined after correcting for endogenous AA loss at the terminal ileum of pigs fed an enzyme-hydrolyzed casein-based diet, followed by ultrafiltration (5,000Da) of the digesta. Total urine and feces collection was also undertaken to determine the nitrogen retention from the diets. The true ileal AA digestibility was similar between the goat and cow milk infant formulas for all AA except Gly and Trp. There was no significant difference in the nitrogen retention of piglets fed the two different formulas. The goat milk infant formula and the premium cow milk infant formula were similar in terms of protein quality.山羊奶作为牛奶的一种替代品来生产婴儿配方奶粉。然而很少有人知道其蛋白质质量，具体而言，关于与牛奶相比更易消化的山羊奶粉AA模式。在这项研究中，山羊婴儿配方奶粉在真回肠中AA的消化率与优质婴儿配方奶粉进行了比较。3周龄仔猪用来作为3个月大婴儿的模型。这两种配方奶粉通过添加作为消化标记的二氧化钛来描述。该配方奶粉喂养给通过2周的试用期仔猪。从安乐死的仔猪末端回肠收集的食糜和配方奶粉样本一起分析AA的含量。纠正了喂食酶水解酪蛋白为主饮食的仔猪末端回肠的损失，由食糜超滤（5000Da）后测定AA的真消化率。还收集所有尿液和粪便来确定饮食中氮的存留。除了甘氨酸和色氨酸，山羊配方奶粉和婴儿配方牛奶粉在真回肠中的AA消化率都是相似的。两个不同的配方喂养仔猪的氮存留并没有显著差异。山羊婴儿配方奶粉和婴儿配方牛奶粉中蛋白质的质量也是相似的。6 增强微量元素的吸收01 Lopez-Aliaga, I. Alferez, MJM. Barrionuevo, M. Lisobnona, F. Campos, MS (2000) Influence of goat and cow milk on the digestive and metabolic utilization of calcium and iron. J Physiol Biochem 56:201-208./pubmed/11198156AbstractThe effects of goat and cow milk on the digestive and metabolic utilization of calcium and iron were studied in rats using a standard (non-milk) control diet. The digestive utilization of calcium is greater when the animals consume the goat-milk-based diet rather than that based on cow milk or the standard diet. The digestive utilization of iron, however, is similar for the goat-milk diet and the standard diet, and in both cases superior to that based on cow milk. The calcium content in the femur, sternum and Longissimus dorsi muscle (L.D. muscle) provides an indication of what happens during the utilization of the mineral; more is deposited when the rats consume a milk-based diet, particularly one based on goat milk. The iron content in the reserve organs, namely the liver and the spleen, is greater with the standard diet and the goat milk diet than with that containing cow milk. There is an obviously beneficial effect of goat milk on the metabolism of calcium and iron, which minimizes any interaction between the two minerals.山羊奶和牛奶对钙和铁得消化和代谢利用的影响通过使用标准（非牛奶）控制小鼠饮食的方法进行了研究。动物食用山羊奶，钙的消化利用率比标准饮食和牛奶饮食大。铁的消化利用率，山羊奶饮食和标准饮食类似，但是都优于牛奶基础饮食。在股骨、胸骨和背最长肌中钙的含量揭示了矿物利用的结果，当老鼠进行牛奶为主的饮食，尤其是基于山羊奶的饮食时存留的更多。标准饮食和山羊奶饮食的动物铁的存储器官肝、脾中铁的含量，比牛奶饮食的动物含量更高。山羊奶对钙和铁的代谢明显有益，可以最大限度地减少两种矿物之间的任何相互抵消作用。/pubmed/991588903 Park, YW. Mahoney ,AW. Hendricks, DG (1986) Bioavailability of iron in goat milk compared with cow milk fed to anemic rats. J Dairy Sci 69:2608-2615.AbstractBioavailabilities of iron from dehydrated whole and skim goat milk were investigated using iron-deficient rats. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiencies were determined as the percent conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin. The respective hemoglobin regeneration efficiencies for groups fed whole goat milk, whole cow milk, skim goat milk, and skim cow milk were 50.6, 13.1, 26.0, and 13.0%, indicating that iron bioavailability of goat milk was greater than cow milk. However, rats fed each milk had negative net increases in hemoglobin concentrations, implying that the iron contents of each milk were not adequate. For animals consuming whole goat milk supplemented with ferrous sulfate, the slope relating hemoglobin iron gained versus iron intake was .95. Respective bioavailabilities relative to ferrous sulfate were 54, 14, 28, and 14% for the four sources of milk. Iron bioavailability of goat milk is superior to cow milk when fed to anemic rats.全脂和脱脂山羊奶粉中铁的生物利用度通过使用在缺铁小鼠身上进行了调查。血红蛋白的再生效率被认为是将膳食铁转化为血红蛋白的效率。喂养全脂山羊奶、全脂牛奶、脱脂山羊奶、脱脂牛奶小鼠的血红蛋白再生率分别为50.6%、13.1%、26.0%和13.0，表明山羊奶中铁的生物利用度比牛奶的高。然而，小鼠喂养这几种奶，其血红蛋白浓度出现负增长，这意味着奶中铁含量不足。动物食用全脂山羊奶粉来补充硫酸亚铁，血红素铁和铁的摄入量呈斜坡线性关系，达到95%。各自对于硫酸亚铁的生物利用度分别为54%、14%、28%和14%。山羊奶喂养的贫血小鼠铁的生物利用度优于牛奶。/pubmed/1194987105 Barrionuevo, M. Alferez, MJ. Lopez, AI. Sanz, SM. Campos, MS (2002) Beneficial effect of goat milk on nutritive utilization of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome. J Dairy Sci 85:657-664.AbstractThe search for diets that improve the digestive and metabolic use of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome led us to study goat milk for particular nutritional characteristics and compare it with cow milk, which is usually supplied. We studied the metabolism of iron and copper in transected rats (control) and in resected rats (resection of 50% of the distal small intestine). The diets used were the standard diet recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition and diets based on goat or cow milk. Intestinal resection reduced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of iron in the three diets tested. In the transected and resected rats, the ADC of iron was highest with the goat milk diet, followed by the standard diet and lowest with the cow milk diet. The ADC of copper was not affected by intestinal resection in the animals fed the goat milk diet, and was higher than that in the two groups of animals fed the other diets. Intestinal resection reduced the ADC of copper with the standard diet and the cow milk diet. When both groups of animals were fed the goat milk diet, the deposit of iron in the organs was greater than with those fed the cow milk diet and similar to that in those animals given the standard diet. The copper content in the kidneys was lower in the resected than in the transected animals, except in the case of those fed the goat milk diet, in which it was similar to that of the control (transected) rats. This study shows the beneficial effect of goat milk, with respect to cow milk, on the metabolism of iron and copper in control rats, especially those with malabsorption syndrome.改善营养吸收不良综合症中铁和铜的营养利用率的研究，使我们研究山羊奶，因为其特定的营养特性，并且和经常食用的牛奶比较。我们研究了横断组小鼠（对照组）和远端小肠50切除小鼠铁和铜的营养利用率。使用的饮食是美国营养研究所建议的标准饮食，以羊奶或牛奶为基础。肠切除减少了3种饮食测试中铁的表观消化率（ADC）。山羊奶饮食的横断组并切除小鼠，铁的ADC值最高，其次是标准的饮食小鼠。饮食以牛奶为主的最低。铜的ADC值不影响山羊奶的喂养的肠切除动物，并且含量比其他的两组的动物高。肠切除降低标准饮食和牛奶饮食小鼠铜的ADC。当两组动物都喂食山羊奶，其骨中的矿物质含量比牛奶饮食的小鼠高得多，与标准饮食的小鼠类似。切除组小鼠肾脏铜的含量比横断组小鼠低，除了在这些情况下山羊奶饮食的小鼠，类似于对照（横断组）组小鼠。这项研究表明了山羊奶与牛奶相比，对小鼠，尤其是患有吸收不良综合症的对照组小鼠铁和铜代谢的有益作用。/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=EA80A7BBDDC07CF23705D3848207997A.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=15027306 Alferez, MJM. Lopez-Aliaga, I. Barrionuevo, M. Campos, MS. (2003) Effect of dietary inclusion of goat milk on the bioavailability