中国书法史,英文版 (2).doc

Chinese character and Chinese calligraphy klirfi As we know, Calligraphy is the art of making beautiful or elegantelint handwriting, the Chinese calligraphy is not only very beautiful but also very practical . It use by the scholars skl four jewels du:l, they are the writing brush ,ink stick（墨）, ink slab（砚） and paper.In ancient Chinese legend lednd, the Chinese character was created by 仓颉, but in fact , the formation of Chinese characters have a very long course.Here is 仓颉, he is the official historian of 黄帝，it seemed that he has 4 eyes .As human society forms, people remember things by tying a knot on the rope, then they learned to carve some pattern ptn on the stones or trunk. and these pattern became the early Hieroglyphics ,hairglifiks (象形文字).In China , the most famous Hieroglyphics is the oracle rkl, :-（甲骨文）,you may know this word form a very famous Software company. The oracle was found in the late 19th century in An Yang, He Nan. this found shocked the world. The oracle mainly used in the Shang dynasty to sacrifice skrifais (祭祀).In the late west Zhou dynasty , with the bronze ware(青铜器) was used extensively ikstensivli, the seal character(金文) was also used extensively in sacrifice ,but the seal character still belonged to the Hieroglyphics. In Chungqiu and Zhanguo dynasty ,the countries were disrupt disrpt(分裂) and the vassals(诸侯) vsla were always make wars. Then the ethnic enik fused (民族融合) , and the Chinese character has a big development ,especially when the QingShihuang unified China, he also unified the character .)It is the Lesser Seal(小篆), the Lesser Seal is the first unitive character in China, It is normative (规范的) and signifying signifaii(符号化)，so it played a great role on the Chinese characters development.In west Han dynasty, the Lesser Seal is still the Official character ,but the Lesser Seal is so difficult to write, and it is against the spread of character, so the clerical klerikl （隶书）which is simple and easy to write spread quickly. Before east Han dynasty, people write characters on bamboo slip. In east Han , papers are invented, it made great contribution to the cultures progress. And the clerical became the Official character in east Han dynasty.The WeiJinNanBei dynasty is the second social unrest period(社会动荡时期) in Chinese history, the peoples life were very hard and poor, but with the ethnic fused and the communication between Chinese and foreigner culture and the Buddhism budizm(佛教) was introduced into China the Chinese civilization ,sivilaizein, (文化) had a prosperous prsprs(繁荣) development, so as the Chinese calligraphy. The character become more regular, the running script(行书),the grass hand(草书), the regular script(楷书) appeared, the character is very similar with the character we use today. In this time ,there were many famous calligraphers(书法家) , like the钟繇, he is the ancestors of the regular script, the madam Wei(卫夫人)， she is the teacher of WangXizhi, and the two Wang , WangXizhi and WangXianzhi, they may be the most famous calligrapher in Chinese history. Especially the WangXizhis eternal masterpiece m:stpi:s, ms-（杰作）兰亭序. Here are WangXizhis兰亭序and初月帖, we can see WangXizhi is very good at running script, and his son WangXianzhi, not only good at running script but also good at regular script , here are his most famous opuses ups(作品) 洛神赋 and 中秋帖 . In WeiinNanBei, the politics plitiks was dark and there were many recluse riklu:s, reklu:s(隐士)， like 陶渊明,嵇康, then the character formed a style with natual, free and uninhibited ,ninhibitid (无拘束的).The tang dynasty is very famous in the world ,because of its strong national strength and its prosperous and multivariate ,mltivriit, -eit(多元的) culture. The rulers attach importance to the education and calligraphy, The rulers like唐太宗, 唐玄宗 , 武则天, are also good calligraphers . Because of effectuation(实行) of the Imperial Examination System(科举制)，the regular script became more and more popular. Tang has many excellent calligraphers too. In early Tang dynasty , there were 4 most famous calligraphers ,they are 欧阳询， 褚遂良， 虞世南and 薛稷.In the mid-period of Tang dynasty, 颜真卿 is very famous by his regular script, up to now , many children learn calligraphy from his 颜体, his running scrupt is very beautiful too.张旭and 怀素are very good at the grass script, they are called the sage seid(圣人) of the grass script. In the late Tang dynasty, 柳公权 achieved great success in calligraphy, and he is my favorite. he is as great as 颜真卿in Chinese calligraphy history, they are called 颜筋柳骨, their calligraphy is very foursquare and powerful.In Song dynasty, the politics was corrupt and the rulers are fatuous ftjus(昏庸的)and talentless （无能的），but the art developed prosperous. For example ,the 宋徽宗赵佶and his brother 宋高宗赵构，they are very fatuous in politics but they are great artists, they are good at calligraphy and Chinese painting, especially 宋徽宗赵佶，his famous “瘦金体” have very high artistic value. In Song dynasty ,there are many outstanding poets, and many of them are also good calligraphers, like 苏轼，黄庭坚，米芾 and so on. Their calligraphy is very rakish(潇洒的) and disengaged(自由的).Here are some famous opuses ,苏轼s 黄州寒食帖 and 黄庭坚s 诸上座帖and 米芾s 苕溪诗帖.In Yuan dynasty, the Mongolian rule China , but the Han Chinese culture still prevail. In this time , the retroretru(复古的) agitation ,ditein(风潮) was very popular. 赵孟頫 is one of the best four regular script calligraphers of Chinese history. In Yuang dynasty ,many good calligraphers are minority, like 鲜于枢s 老子道德经卷and 康里巎巎s 述笔法卷.In Ming and Qing dynasty , the rulers praise highly to the Confucianismknfju:jnizm (儒学)，and the Imperial Examination System had a big development. The feudal fju:dl system(封建制度) was culminating klmineiti(达到高峰). Then it formed a new ca