3天搞定考研英语翻译-考研翻译教学奇才云立宏全程笔记.doc

法国有位化学家曾说过: 人如果不能把平生所学全部推翻，这个人就等于什么都没有学到；考研英语翻译高分新思维，就是用最回归本质的方式，颠覆考生对于考研英语的传统错误理解，让考生能够像英语国家人一样自由的输入和输出英语。本课程，提升的不仅仅是翻译。翻译前对于文章观点的快速把握能帮你打通阅读理解的文章关；理解英语国家人民是如何简单快速的输出英语能让你的写作流畅自如。考研学生都会有这样一个问题：需要考取多少分才能达到理想学校的要求 ？换算到我们翻译部分应该得多少分呢？u 想考211大学，英语一翻译需要5分以上，英语二翻译需要11以上；u 想考985大学，英语一翻译需要6分以上，英语二翻译需要12分以上；u 想考北大、复旦等一流大学，英语一翻译需要7分以上，英语二翻译需要13分以上。而历年的英语一翻译平均成绩只有不到4分，英语二的平均分不到10分，也就是说，一大半的考生都要倒在翻译上。有考生说翻译难：翻译不像阅读、完形，不会做你可以猜，时间不够可以蒙。也有考生说翻译容易：（1）输出的是汉语；（2）要求不高：考研翻译要求（6个字）“ 准确、完整、通顺 ” ；而不是 “ 信、 达、 雅 ”。 为什么最容易提分的板块，得分情况却最不尽如人意？因为大多数考生从来没有真正弄懂英语的语言规律, 学习英语的方法还是大学之前的老一套： 整日重复做着繁琐又枯燥却毫无价值的语言结构分析。其实，只要方法科学有效，所有考生都可以完全掌握好英语，甚至将英语变成自己的专长。所以，本期翻译课程，之所以称为“高分新思维”，就是因为不会采取传统的讲授方法，没有死板的学术套路，不会为考生列举机械的条条框框，不会寄希望考生课后大量艰苦的练习，结果考分还不尽如人意。 考研英语翻译高分新思维 将直击制约考研学子取得翻译高分过程中最核心的问题英语语言规律 ，让考生在最短的时间内打通考研翻译的认识障碍，迅速达到理想的分数。u 授课理念1. 授课初衷： 长年来我一直痛心考生英语学习，备考方法不仅错误，缺乏效率，而且只会最终走入死胡同，逐渐丧失对英语的兴趣；思维单一，机械，缺乏灵活性，创造性； 希望本期课程能彻底改变考生看待，处理翻译乃至学习英语的方法，真正做到事半功倍，学以致用3. 授课原则： 考研英语都是长句翻译，但要游刃有余地处理好长句，首先要求考生能充分驾驭简短的句子，打好基础-任何复杂事物背后都存在着简单的本质规律； 从根本上认识到英语的语言规律，与汉语的不同。只有这样方能快速有效地应对好考研英语。一 范例1. Ships from every nation are in port and strange languages can be heard in the streets. 2. His father is a humorous person.3. Life is measured by thought and action, not by time.4. Most commonly, we come to books with blurred and divided minds.5. Men are kind in one way but evil in many.6. The outcome of the secret war between downloading and uploading will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. (12年真题)7. Last night, I passed several hours in tormenting sleeplessness.二看待英语句子的新方法： 先主后次； 学会区别事实与观点； 不要做无用的语法分析三中文的句法结构：（话题评论）四如何在和之间自如转换？三部曲：找出说话重点即观点（）； 打破结构，形成模式；将评论之外的剩余成分压缩为名词性话题，或表达成其它状语成分。 课后练习题1. The students welcomed him. 2. Their policy was that natives should man the frontline.3. We need to learn not to create conflict-free relationships but to engage in conflicts with effective strategies. 4. Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within control.(05年真题)5. The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population. (06年真题)6. Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (05年真题)7. At the beginning of century, songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. Scientists jumped to the rescue with distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 第二讲 进一步认识SVO与TC的本质差异u 心理测试 测试结果说明 英美人和中国人的语言心理规律有根本不同：英美人对主语更敏感，而中国人脑海中话题更重要。 测试结果运用范例：1. My aunt lived in a leisurely age when servants were employed to do the housework.2. Man has infinite desires which can never be gratified and which will keep him restless even in paradise.3. The bazaar which I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic-arched gateway of aged brick and stone. 课后练习题1. Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that represent more than 2,000 languages. Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family trees or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality should predict strong codependencies between particular types of word-order relations. (12年翻译真题)2. When Zhou Enlais door opened, they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. u 英语组织语句的四种连接手段说明：这四种手段的运用是英语语句地道，规范的精髓所在。但恰恰是这些手段的存在往往禁锢住了考生的思维，导致考生对英语原文亦步亦趋，机械对应，结果可想而知：翻译出的中文不通不顺，甚至让人不忍卒读。这样的译文怎么可能取得高分？1. 动词2. 介词3. 英语的各种自有语法手段4. 逻辑联系词说明：这四种手段是按照在英语组句过程中使用的频率由高至低排列的；换句话说，写英语句子时，信息片段的连接手段选择的顺序是：先考虑高频使用的，再考虑使用频率低的。这一点尤其重要！ 范例分析1. 动词的连接作用及其对翻译，写作的影响例证：A. 手术，病人，健康。B. the city, an excellent locationC. 中国自然资源丰富。D. China owes its success in bidding for the World Exposition, 2010 to the support from the international community. E. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. F. Sometimes, people would throw him a pebble and got a shower of stones and abuses.2. 介词的连接作用及对翻译，写作的影响例证：A. 反思英语学习的过程B. 回顾周恩来的例子C. It was agreed that the lawyer should spend 15 years in confinement under the strictest supervision in one of the lodges at the bankers garden. D. 该公司的产品，质优，价廉，服务周到。E. 我们商定，我教他英语，而他则让我用他的钢琴。3.英语的各种自有语法手段包括分词，定语从句，特殊句型等。例证：A. A dog we know is better company than a person whose language we dont understand.B. The memory of old friends is as much a comfort to us as wine, when too old, is to the palate.C. In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. (12年真题)D. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who dont have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. (07年真题)E. But his (a scientist) primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.4.逻辑联系词说明：一个原本独立的句子，经逻辑联系词引导后，便化为细节成分，只能接在独立的句子上，成为从句；从功能上讲，这一成分是为独立句子提供背景，细节信息或补充后续评价而用，使独立句子的思想表达更加完整。另，逻辑联系词也是考研英语真题文章中常见的连接手段，是文章思想性更强，文体更正式的一个重要原因。处理方法：1. 首先考虑省略2. 一种常见策略: 主句+逻辑联系词+从句 的英语组句模式根据从句的功能（增加背景，细节信息或补充评价内容）分两种方式处理：A. 多数情况下，英语从句增加背景，细节信息；可处理为：从句+逻辑联系词+主句，因为这时的大意在主句；B. 有时，从句补充评价内容；可处理为：主句在前，从句在后，因为这时从句为观点性信息。总之，我们的思路要统一：中文行文一般遵守 先客观事实，后主观观点。例证：1. I have excluded him (the average scientist) because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (06年真题)2. I gave all these background information because I dont think that one can assess a writers motive without knowing anything about his early developments. 3. When you are not willing to share your good fortune with others, you shall not expect them to be with you when in trouble. u SVO精解说明：主谓宾是英语表达思想的首选结构。然而我们发现，中国人对这一法则的认识，使用却和英美人不一致；换句话说，中国人对这一天天打交道的语法缺乏正确的认识，因此也就无法驾驭。u 主谓宾背后的三个核心认识问题一. 牛顿运动定律1. 主语的含义：发出力宾语的含义：接收力力通过谓语动词传递例证：A. 老师表扬了该学生。B. 他把玻璃打碎了。但如下的普遍存在的汉语语句便无法直接用主谓宾来分析，如：A. 合资企业的活动必须遵守中国的相关法律和法规。B. 成功不是贪恋物质享受；不是牺牲健康换取财富。2. 考生认识上的空白：主语的另一含义：施加影响，产生变化，带来益处；宾语的另一含义：接受影响，发生变化，得到益处；说明：正是由于主谓宾的这一内在含义，加之主谓宾，如前面指出的，又是英语表达思想的首要方式，所以无论什么英语考试（当然也包括考研），文章都体现为思想性强，文风正式的特点；而这种严肃的英语也恰恰是要求考生必须能熟读，能写出的英语。例证：1. 看到这封情书，他不由想起了三年前分手的女友。2. 地震海啸过后，日本百姓连起码的生活必需品都没有。3. 中国的老百姓要重新来认识健康问题，要消除对疾病的恐惧。4. He (Darwin) points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. (08年翻译真题)5. And the statesmens political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. (08年真题) 课后练习题1. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. (12年真题)2. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery. (12年真题)3. 甲方若有任何企图违约的行为，乙方将不承担支付货款的义务。二. 主语的选择问题说明：前面我们已经通过心理测试证明中国人脑海中对话题更敏感，也就是说我们缺乏对主语的认识，更不用说运用好主语了。由于考生总是误把话题当主语，造出的英语句子其实反映出的还是考生的母语思维习惯；另一方面，许多英语句子由于并非以话题起句，翻译成汉语时，如不做相应的转化，很难翻译成通顺，地道的中文。 主语选择的四大原则1. 主语的最佳来源是文章或段落的谈论主题例证：A. 许多人都不明白成功究竟为何物？B. 每年，数十万游客来长城游览。C. 来到中东集市就好像回到了千百年前。D. 世界五百强企业中，有许多都云集在深圳。2. 主语可以变化，但最好来自上文的已知信息，以保证上下文的衔接，使文章环环相扣例证：A. 所谓智慧，就是尽可能地摆脱个人的偏见。然而即使许多专家也不一定具备我所说的这种智慧。B. 秦岭山区生物种类多样。许多濒临灭绝的动物都栖息在这里。C. True eccentrics never deliberately draw attention to themselves. They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add color to the dull routine of everyday life. 核心语言知识点意义表达的两种方式：综合表达法与分析表达法例证：A. It is merely a hypothesis so far and of my own.B. 许多大学毕业生虽然拿了学位，却不胜任工作。 3. 心理主语说明：首先考生要区别一点：这里的心理主语指的并不是中国人意识中最重要的话题，不可回到误把话题当主语的错误思维上去。其次，由于写作过程中，原作者的心理状态会非常复杂，这里的心理主语，考生不可机械理解，而应用心体会。例证：A. 她坐在那里，泪流满面。B. 老师一把这个话题抛出，全班同学便展开了激烈的讨论。C. 真想不到公司竟然会派他出国！D. Your imagination is all you need to restore the ancient city back to life. 4. 把主语的选择和主谓宾的组建联系起来说明：这一点，在考研英语阅读及翻译中体现的特别明显：由于文章全都是正式书面文体，无数文中的语句基本都以对考生来说抽象的主谓宾模式构建，需要考生充分认识到英汉表达习惯的根本不同，逐渐习惯阅读这种风格的英文。例证：罗素注重逻辑分析，这一主张深深影响了整个二十世纪的哲学进程。Russels emphasis on logical analysis influenced the whole course of the 20th-century philosophy.三. SVO不能用来只勾勒孤立的事实说明：前面我已经指出，优秀的语句在英语中必须包括两部分内容：事实和观点。没有观点的事实是废话，单独存在是没有交际价值的。因此英语造句需想方设法将事实与观点统一在一个句子之内。然而中文却恰恰相反，TC结构本身就说明，中文的事实与观点是可以分开单独表达的。这就对考生提出了调整思维的要求。 例证：1. 他喝醉了酒，车又开得飞快，差点送了命。2. 年轻的时候，他只热爱体育，不关心学习，如今便因此而吃了大亏。3. 中国成功申办了08年奥运会，举国欢庆。4. 过去三十年间，中国开展了史无先例的经济改革，数百万中国人民脱贫致富。 阶段性小结及巩固我们已经为各位考生详细讲解了理解，翻译英语简单句的新思维；怎样把汉语的简单句转化为地道英语的方式；还探讨了英语的四大类组句连接手段和英语核心语法SVO的学习奥秘。为了让各位考生能彻底吃透，消化并能灵活地把前几讲的思路综合起来使用，特设本讲，用更多例句帮助考生内化已接触到的知识点。 综合范例演练：以下范例会涉及到本期课程已讲解过的一个或多个知识点1. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed - and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.(05年翻译真题)2. I shall define him (an intellectual) as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. (06年翻译真题)3. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a stragetic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.(05年翻译真题)4. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions (universities) as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (07年翻译真题)5. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. (07年翻译真题)6. Several product quality scandals this year-from fields as diverse as food industry, manufacturing industry and even estate industry-have left governors and managers hurriedly peering into their intricate production processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.(07年考研真题) 7. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data security. (07年真题)8. Within the complex structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries, editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new findings to suit their own purposes and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. （12年真题）u 怎样写出地道的英语句子？说明：本讲虽然与考生的翻译考试不直接相关，但我认为是考生必须掌握的关键知识点；对考生从根本上弄清英汉组句的差异，尤其对英语写作有重大启发。例句回顾：Ships from every nation are in port and strange languages can be heard in the streets. 港口停泊的船只来自四面八方；街头听到的语言可谓五花八门。考生根据自己的语法知识造出的句子一般为：Ships that are in port are from every nation and the languages that can be heard in the streets are strange.汉语单句转换为地道英语的过程1. 概率2. 中文单句的潜在组织规律3. 回顾主语的选择思路例证1. 黑龙江省的气候最适合耕种。2. 明年，该厂的中型卡车生产量将达到十万辆。3.作者开篇指出了科学与伪科学的区别。4.抗生素的滥用正在危及人们的健康。5.合资企业的活动必须遵守中国的相关法律和法规。u 英语句子中的逻辑问题说明：造句子，不管在英语还是汉语中，可以理解为建立词与词，或信息片段与信息片段之间的某种关系。然而关系却可以分为两种：结构关系/语法关系和逻辑关系/意义关系；也就是传统上所说的形合与意合。这对矛盾，考生必须能够应对；否则译文也会不通不顺，或根本无法达意，出现翻译不到位的问题。例证1. Opening the case, I saw the polished glow of a beautiful violin. 2. 允许战俘写信，但信要经过审查。3. College education was beyond the dream of those students. It was costly and demanding4. As he sat in his easy chair, I would fumble through “Lady of Spain”.5. The idle rich suffer from unspeakable boredom as a price to pay for their freedom from drudgery. 6. A young widow with three kids determined to invest her insurance settlement in college education for herself.7. Cultural differences which are out of awareness, are, consequently, misunderstood as unskillfulness, ill manner or lack of interest on the part of the other side.8. In the courtyard, camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while big bales of merchandise that they carried hundreds of miles across the desert lie beside them. 9. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. 中文行文遵守的几个常见逻辑顺序1. 时间先后2. 先客观后主观3. 大管小 课后练习题1. Over the past three centuries, England alone must have produced scores of Newtons who never learnt to read and hundreds of Darwins, Daltons and Bacons, who died, stunted in hovels without an opportunity to display their qualities. 2. A “reason” has been found for producing zillions of packages of something, more or less resembling cheese, which nearly works for all and which is not imagined to be superlatively good by a single soul. 3. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. (10年翻译真题)4. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. (10年翻译真题)5. Producing programs in Europe for Europe entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. (05翻译真题)u 英语长句的翻译说明：首先，要指出，长句的概念并不准确：考生可以发现，在讲解简单句翻译新思维时许多句子其实已经很长。这里我要指出，句子的长短并非是选择或改变翻译策略的决定因素，而是从今天开始，大家要处理的句子和以前有一个根本不同： 差异分析Ships from every nation are in port.Lazy children are not to blame when their parents brought them up to be idle. 英语造句的统一思路:由近及远及右分支结构考生必须理解，记住并自觉遵守的英语造句思路：Compared to information thats already in the context or that has been mentioned previously, English speakers tend to place newly introduced information LATER in the sentence. 英语造句规律的第二种解析信息可以分为三种：newly-introduced information（future）currently-focused information（present）background information（past）information 第三种解析倒金字塔句序例证分析1. Majestic mountains were created millions of years ago by volcanic activities that thrust small islands 3 miles above the sea floor. 2. You round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes as burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers. 3. A tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows worked by a string attached to his big toe. 4. But his (a scientists) primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (06年翻译真题)5. His (an intellectuals) function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decisions. (06年翻译真题) 6. On the other hand, he didnt accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. 7. 1959年我们离开了中国。此后中国连续三年遭受了自然灾害。在国内了解到这方面消息时，我们的心情颇为沉重。8. The era of open discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of black people participating in peaceful demonstrations to force the southern states to implement the Federal law of desegregation at schools and public places.9. 辽沈战役持续了52天，共歼敌472000人。自此，中国人民解放军从人数上超越了国民党，成为中国革命史上的另一个转折点。10. It is a curious fact for which I can offer no satisfactory explanation that love of natural sceneries and enthusiasm about country life is the strongest and the most widely diffusive precisely in those European countries which have the worst climates and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort. 11. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble and expenses than to have the guest so interested in talking business or politics with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of her coffee, the lightness of her cake and the attractiveness of her house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 空间搭架1. 回顾骆驼的例子。2. 出差。3. 长城。 课后练习题1. Todays families have been budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help fmilies weather bad times. (07年真题)2. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, oversha