高中英语 时态与语态╲t复习讲解教师版.doc

高考英语时态和语态动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，在历年高考题中动词所占比例最大。设题时给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词及其短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的有十一种。见下表：时态名称构 成一般现在时do/does,（连系动词is/am/are）一般过去时did,（连系动词was/were）一般将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are(about)to do现在进行时is/am/are doing过去进行时was/were doing将来进行时will be doing现在完成时has/have done过去完成时had done将来完成时will/shall have done现在完成进行时has/have been doing过去将来时would/should do was/were going to dowas/were(about)to do（一）一般现在时1.表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用行为动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用We always care for each other and help each other.2.表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受主句时态的限制)The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.1.表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时；The plane takes off at 10:00 a.m.飞机上午10点起飞。2.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中有时可以用shall或will表“意愿”，不表示时态；Ill go there after I finish my work.If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.3.以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。（二）一般过去时1.过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或存在的状态He lived in Beijing when he was young.他年轻时生活在北京。2.表达过去发生的动作We visited the factory last Friday.上周五我们参观了那家工厂。1.有些动词如：think, want, plan等用在一般过去时中常常译为“原来认为/以为，原来想，原计划”。I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt.我原以为这部电影是很有趣的，但是事实并非如此。2.考生有时用现在完成时代替一般过去时Hello, I _you were in London. How long _here?A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are youC. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been【解析】非常容易误选B。其实答案为D，因为“didnt know” 强调的是见面前不知道，即指过去不知道。（三）一般将来时1.表示将来的动作和存在的状态The first time well send you with an experienced reporter.第一次我们要派有经验的记者陪同你一起去。2.表示一种倾向或习惯性动作Oil will float on water.油会浮在水面上。Crops will die without water.没有水庄稼会死亡一般将来时几种特殊表达形式的区别1.be going to：表示打算做某事或有迹象表明即将发生某事I am going to visit my friend in hospital.我将去看望住在医院的朋友。It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来好象要下雨了。2.be about to：表示即时的将来。一般不与时间状语连用Now ladies and gentleman, youre about to hear the most incredible tale.女士们，先生们，你们马上就要听到一个难以置信的故事。3.be to：可用来表示计划、安排（通常是正式的安排）；指令；（表示可能）会做，可能；必定会发生或已发生了某事；发布命令或告之规则Their daughter is to get married soon.他们的女儿可能不久就要结婚了。（四）现在进行时1.表示现在正在进行的动作；It is raining heavily now, so we must stay inside.现在正下着大雨，因此我们必须呆在家里。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作；My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。现在进行时与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩Why are always forgetting his name?为啥你总是记他的名字呢？（五）过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.昨天一整天他都在准备他的演讲。2.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV. 我在写东西而他在看电视。3.表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next.day.他说他将在第二天到达。考生有时用现在完成时或用一般过去时代替过去进行时。Hey, look where you are going!Oh, Im terribly sorry._.A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed. D. I dont notice.【解析】非常容易误选C。其实答案为B。因为对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情，应该用过去进行时。He _a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _it.A. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish【解析】非常容易误选A。其实答案为B。从“I dont know if he has finished it”推断，他去年一直在写，应该用过去进行时。（六）将来进行时1.表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report.他明天来我家的时候，我将正在写报告。2.表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.我想她做这个实验将会一直做到明天早上。3.表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测Stop the child or he will be falling over.拦住那孩子，不然他会摔下去的。将来进行时和一般将来时的区别1.一般将来时不仅表示“将来”，还含有“意志、意愿”等的意思 Ill try my best to hard work at English.我将尽全力努力学习英语。（含意愿的意思）Ill be studying English next term.下学期我将学习英语。（表示单纯的将来）2.跟一般将来时连用的时间状语比较模糊，而跟进来进行时连用的时间状语非常具体Ill write a letter to my father tomorrow.我明天要给父亲写信。Ill be writing a letter to my father this time tomorrow.明天这个时候，我会给父亲写信的。（七）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report. 我已经完成了这个报告。She has cleaned the room.她已经打扫干净了这个房间。1.表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”,“since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.他学英语已经六年了。They have worked here since they left college.他们大学毕业以后就在这里工作。2.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua?李华在哪里？He has gone to the reading-room.他去阅览室了。She knows a lot about Shanghai.关于上海，她懂很多。She has been there.她去过那里。短暂动词（即瞬间动词），如：join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要翻译“他已参军已经三年了”。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.而要用以下三种方法：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.（八）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.在那狗走过来之前，他已将门关上了。Everything had been all right up till this morning.直到今天上午为止，一切都正常。1.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words.十岁的时候，他已经学了500个英语单词了。He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.我们知道的时候，他已经病了一个星期了。2.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.我们本期望你能赢得这场比赛的。（九）将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.到这学期结束时为止，我们将会完成高中第二册书。1.在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时来表示将来某一时刻以前已完成的动作Tell me what you think about the film when you have seen it.你看完这部电影之后告诉我你对它的意见。2.与by the end of引导的时间状语从句连用时要看“of”后面的名词所表示的时间概念来决定是用将来完成时还是用过去完成时。 We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term.到这学期结束时为止，我们将学会2000英语单词。We had learned 2000 English words by the end of last term. 到这学期结束时为止，我们将学会2000英语单词。（十）现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.8点以来，他一直在做这些数学题。现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较1.现在完成时着重表示动作的结果I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）2.着重表示过去发生的动作持续到现在还将继续下去Hi,Tracy,you look tired.I am tired.I_ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 【解析】答案为C。强调动作从过去到现在的延续，可能还将继续下去。（十一）过去将来时相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态。He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。would do(表示过去的习惯)总是，总会，常常。He would sit silent for hours.他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。（一）被动语态的构成形式被动语态构 成一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时shall/will be done过去将来时should/would be done现在进行时am/is/are being done过去进行时was/were being done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done将来完成时will/would have been done含有情态动词的can/must/may be done（二）被动语态使用注意点1.主动表示被动的几种情况不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词有：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook,lock, wash等。This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来味道不错。The flower smells wonderful.这花闻起来很不错。The news proved/turned out true.这消息后来证明时真的。Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很软。主语+need/want/require表示需要被的时候，常用动名词的主动式表示被动或用不定式的被动式。（参看第八讲非谓语动词）The car needs repairing.=The car needs to be repaired.这车需要修理。be worth doing表示某事值得去做。（参看第八讲非谓语动词）The Great Wall is worth visiting.长城值得一游。2.常见没有被动语态的动词（短语）leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, lose heartThe Second World War broke out in 1939. 第二次世界大战爆发于1939年。Our class consists of 50 students.我们班由50个学生组成。3.常用被动语态的固定句型It is believed/said /reported/hoped/supposed that据信/据说/据报道/人们希望/人们认为It must be pointed out that必须指出It is generally considered that一般认为It is well known that大家都知道It must be admitted that必须承认高考链接 2011年1.（新课标卷）Planning so far ahead _ no senseso many things will have changed by next year. A. made B. is making C. makesD. has made【答案】C【解析】前句表示现在的情况make no sense，后句表示到将来会产生的后果will have changed。一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态。is making和has made表示具体的动作过程，故不选。因此选C项。句意：计划这么超前毫无意义到明年许多事情会发生变化的。2.（新课标卷） I wasnt sure if he was really interested or if he _ polite.A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be【答案】A【解析】句前wasnt sure表明说话的起点是过去时，was really interested和was just being polite都是相一致的过去时。故选A项。句意：我不能肯定他是真正感兴趣呢还是仅仅为了表示礼貌。3.（新课标卷） When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _ there. A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain【答案】A【解析】过去完成进行时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。came to苏醒过来是过去时，苏醒前的情况是过去的过去，强调过去的过去里发生的事，故选A项。句意：当Alice苏醒过来时，她不知道她在那儿躺了多久了。4. (大纲卷） If you dont like the drink you _just leave it and try a different one. A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered【答案】A【解析】dont like the drink是现在时，点饮料是过去的动作，因此，用过去时或现在完成时，故选A项。句意：如果你不喜欢你所点的饮料，就把它放那儿，试试另一种。5.（北京卷）Experiments of this kind _ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted【答案】 D【解析】句意为“就在二战爆发前，美国和欧洲都进行过这种实验。”首先考虑语态，主语experiment与conduct构成动宾关系，谓语使用被动形式。题干中出现the second war是过去的时间点，before the second war是过去的过去，因此使用过去完成时。选D项。6.（北京卷）Tom _ in the library every night over the last three months. A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working【答案】 C【解析】题干中出现的over the last three months，是明显提示用现在完成进行时或现在完成时。故选C项。句意：在过去的三个月里，Tom每天晚上都在图书馆里学习。7.（北京卷）That must have been a long trip. Yeah, it _ us a whole week to get there. A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking【答案】C【解析】题干中must have done是对过去的肯定推测，提示时间在过去，描述过去的情况，排除A和B项，D项was taking进行时态表将来，但事实上事情已发生，这与题意不符，因此选C项。句意：“那一定是长途旅行。”“是的，我们花了整整一周时间才赶到那儿。”8.（北京卷）Bob has gone to California. Oh, can you tell me when he _? A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leaving【答案】B【解析】Bob has gone to California去的动作已经发生。这说明他离开的动作一定发生在过去，因此使用一般过去时。选B项。句意：“Bob已经去了加利福尼亚。”“噢，你能告诉我他什么时候离开的？”9.（上海卷） After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _ four days later.A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescuedD. had been rescued【答案】B【解析】首先考虑应该用被动语态。排除AC选项。再者题干中没有过去的过去的时间概念，故排除D项。句意：在一次暴风雨中失踪以后，海军中的一员四天后得救了。10.（上海卷） Did you predict that many students _ up for the dance competition?A. would sign B. signedC. have signedD. had signed【答案】A【解析】主句中用了一般过去时，受主句时态的限制，从句中要用过去时态。根据句子意思：你预测到了会有许多学生报名参加这次舞蹈比赛吗？是过去对将来的预测，应该用过去将来时。11.（山东卷）When I got on the bus, I _ I had left my wallet at home.A. was realizing B. realized C. have realizedD. would realize【答案】B【解析】I had left my